fungi

Question 1

what species is fungi most closely related to?

Answer 1

animals

Question 2

what are some characteristics of fungi’s common ancestor? (3)

Answer 2

aquatic
single celled
flagellated produce

Question 3

what is a basic characteristic of fungi?

Answer 3

they are chemo-heterotrophs

Question 4

what do they use for energy?

Answer 4

chemicals

Question 5

what enzyme to fungi produce that is secreted outside of the cell?

Answer 5

exoenzyme

Question 6

is a fungi’s digestion external or internal?

Answer 6

external

Question 7

what do fungi’s enzymes break down? what do these molecules turn into?

Answer 7

fungi breaks down large organic molecules into smaller ones

Question 8

smaller organic molecules are absorbed through what structure?

Answer 8

cell membrane

Question 9

what do fungi eat?

Answer 9

other living organisms and plant tissue

Question 10

simple organic molecules ________ by the body of fungus

Answer 10

absorbed

Question 11

what do decomposer fungi do?

Answer 11

break down and absorb non-living matter

Question 12

what do parasites do?

Answer 12

absorb nutrients from living cell hosts

Question 13

what do mutualists do?

Answer 13

absorb nutrients from hosts, but give something back

Question 14

fungi have cell walls made of?

Answer 14

chitin

Question 15

what are the bodies of fungi composed of?

Answer 15

hyphae

Question 16

what are hyphae?

Answer 16

thin filaments that spread throughout the environment

Question 17

what do hyphae seek and feed on?

Answer 17

they seek on nutrients and feed on organic matter

Question 18

what is a collection of hyphae called?

Answer 18

mycelium

Question 19

what does the mycelium act as?

Answer 19

a feeding network

Question 20

what kind of structure do hyphae have?

Answer 20

filamentous structure

Question 21

a fungi’s filamentous structure provides them with a large?

Answer 21

surface area: volume ratio

Question 22

why is fungi having a large surface are: volume ratio advantageous?

Answer 22

exoenzymes have a larger surface area to absorb nutrients back in

Question 23

do hyphae grow length or width wise?

Answer 23

length

Question 24

do fungi reproduce spores sexually or asexually?

Answer 24

both!

Question 25

when fungi produce spores, are they diploid or haploid?

Answer 25

haploid

Question 26

what processes (mitosis, meiosis, etc) are fungal spores produced by?

Answer 26

both mitosis and meiosis

Question 27

________ (structure) makes spores through _________ (process)

Answer 27

zygote; meiosis

Question 28

what form of reproduction will fungi do to be more efficient?

Answer 28

asexual reproduction

Question 29

what type of reproduction will fungi use to increase genetic diversity?

Answer 29

sexual reproduction

Question 30

what are the five phylum of fungi?

Answer 30

chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

Question 31

where does the phylum chytridiomycota inhabit?

Answer 31

mostly freshwater, some in soil, estuaries (transition between streams and rivers), or live inside the guts of animals

Question 32

what do free living chytrids digest on?

Answer 32

dead organic matter

Question 33

what do parasitic chytrids digest on?

Answer 33

tissues of the living hosts

Question 34

chytrids are implicated in the?

Answer 34

global decline of amphibians

Question 35

where do the phylum zygomycota inhabit?

Answer 35

soil or organic remains

Question 36

morphologically, phylum zygomycota are rather?

Answer 36

monotonous

Question 37

what does it mean to be monotonous?

Answer 37

mostly feed on organic matter in the environment

Question 38

what do we typically recognize phylum zygomycota as (where would we see this fungus in day-to-day life)?

Answer 38

black bread mold or mold on strawberries

Question 39

in the phylum glomeromycota, what type of relationship do all species engage in and with what organism?

Answer 39

mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants

Question 40

are glomeros chemotrophic or heterotrophic?

Answer 40

heterotrophic! they need to eat something

Question 41

what kind of plant species is most frequently in a mutualistic relationship with fungus?

Answer 41

vascular plants

Question 42

any species of fungus can form a ________________ relationship with fungus

Answer 42

mycorrhizal

Question 43

what is the largest phylum of fungi?

Answer 43

phylum ascomycota

Question 44

phylum ascomycota organisms live a variety of lifestyles, what do these consist of?

Answer 44

pathogens, decomposers, mutualists

Question 45

are phylum ascomycota unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 45

both!

Question 46

unicellular fungus are referred to as?

Answer 46

yeast

Question 47

what are phylum ascomycota defining feature?

Answer 47

production of sexually produced spores in sac-like asci

Question 48

what is an asci?

Answer 48

the fruit or flower of a mushroom

Question 49

what is phylum basidiomycota sexual structure?

Answer 49

the classic white grocery store mushroom and toadstool

Question 50

what function/lifestyle do most phylum basidiomycota live?

Answer 50

mostly decomposers of dead plant matter (especially lignin)

Question 51

what is the pedestal of the mushroom called?

Answer 51

basidium

Question 52

the cap of the mushroom contains thin vertical sheets of tissue called?

Answer 52

gills

Question 53

the gills of the mushroom are lined with millions of?

Answer 53

basidia (spore production)

Question 54

how are these spores dispersed?

Answer 54

by wind or water

Question 55

what are molds?

Answer 55

rapidly growing, asexually producing fungi

Question 56

what kinds of fungi produce mold?

Answer 56

any phylum

Question 57

mold is just the ________ the fungi is in

Answer 57

state

Question 58

what does mold often produce?

Answer 58

fuzzy growth of hyphae on the surface of organic substrates

Question 59

what phylum's can have a yeast stage?

Answer 59

all of them

Question 60

where is yeast typically found?

Answer 60

moist environments including animal bodies

Question 61

how does yeast reproduce?

Answer 61

asexually by pinching of bud cells from the parents cell (binary fission)

Question 62

what do yeast do when their food source begins to run out?

Answer 62

they start to make hyphae and become multicellular

Question 63

what does the availability of nutrients determine?

Answer 63

if the organism lives as fungi or yeast

Question 64

what is the role of decomposers?

Answer 64

break down complex organic compounds into inorganic material forms

Question 65

are decomposers chemotrophic or heterotrophic?

Answer 65

heterotrophic: eat dead things

Question 66

decomposers use nutrient and carbon cycling to?

Answer 66

release carbon and nutrints from dead tissues

Question 67

most soil-dwelling fungi make their living by?

Answer 67

decomposing plant matter

Question 68

fungi is more important than bacteria, as it is one of the few organisms that can break down what material?

Answer 68

lignin (wood)

Question 69

what is lichen?

Answer 69

symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and a photosynthetic partner

Question 70

what organism provides the fungi with carbon or organic nitrogen?

Answer 70

green algae (chlorophyta) or cyanobacteria

Question 71

what does the fungi provide the chlorophyta or cyanobacteria in return?

Answer 71

a place to grow. protection, water and mineral retention

Question 72

what is the mycorrhizae?

Answer 72

a mutualistic symbioses and combination of plant roots and fungi

Question 73

in plant-parasitic fungi, what is produced due to fungus digesting plant tissue?

Answer 73

necroses: 'scabs' and 'cankers'

Question 74

how do fungi cause wilting?

Answer 74

when the hyphae blocks the xylem

Question 75

fungi the coat leaves and fruits are called?

Answer 75

powdery mildews

Question 76

how do some fungi parasitize invertebrates?

Answer 76

they produce spores inside the host or elaborate fruiting bodies that grow and kill insects and arachnids

Question 77

what does a fungi do when acting like a predator?

Answer 77

nematode traps: they make rings like a lasso around the nematode that kills it

Question 78

what is mycosis?

Answer 78

being infected with a fungus

Question 79

what is a cutaneous fungal infection? what shape does it make on the skin?

Answer 79

the digestion or keratin and dead tissue that makes a ring on the outer layer of skin

Question 80

what is a localized (has not spread everywhere) subcutaneous fungal infection?

Answer 80

infection due to wounds

Question 81

what is a systemic fungal infection?

Answer 81

the hyphae or yeast spread throughout the entire host body