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bio 108 > ecdysozoa > Flashcards

ecdysozoa Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process of ecdysis?

A

molting the cuticle to grow

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2
Q

what is the cuticle?

A

a non-living outer layer of skin

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3
Q

what is the cuticle made of?

A

chitin

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4
Q

what are properties of the cuticle?

A

frequently sclerotized (hardened), but only in particular regions.
unsclerotized cuticle in between are flexible, which allows for movement

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5
Q

the cuticle has several layers, both living and non-living. what are all of the layers?

A

epicuticl
exocuticle
endocuticle
epidermis

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6
Q

what is the living layer of the cuticle? what is its function?

A

the epidermis is composed of living cells that secrete substances to the cuticle

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7
Q

what are the properties of the non-living cuticle?

A

endocuticle - within
exocuticle - outside
epicuticle - upon

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8
Q

what is the process ecdysozoians undergo?

A

molting - apolysis

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9
Q

what does apolysis mean?

A

shedding one layer of the cuticle

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10
Q

how does an ecdysozoian molt?

A
  1. inactive molting fluid is secreted by the epidermis
  2. the thin protective layer is deposited
  3. epidermis separates from the endocuticle
  4. new cuticle begins to form, thin protective layer precludes digestion
  5. activation of enzymes in the molting fluid make the endocuticle digested
  6. liquified oviducts are taken up by the epidermis
  7. sclerotized exocuticle is not digested
  8. new cuticle is ‘wrinkled’ giving it a greater surface area
  9. molting fluid is reabsorbed
  10. epicuticle is laid down
  11. exocuticle and epicuticle is shed through the process of ecdysis
  12. differentiate into exocuticle and endocuticle
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11
Q

why are animals that have molted larger than before?

A

because the new cuticle expands

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12
Q

how do they sclerotize (harden) their new cuticle?

A

secretions transported by the ducts

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13
Q

what is an old cuticle called?

A

exuviae

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14
Q

from the ecdysozoa species comes what animal and species?

A

nematodes

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15
Q

what are some characteristics of the phylum nematoda?

A

most are small
no segmentations
no appendages
no eyes
blunt at one end, pointy at the other
open circulatory system (no blood vessels)
complete digestive system (mouth and anus)
two sexes
direct development

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16
Q

do nematodes have to molt their non-living cuticle?

A

yes!

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17
Q

nematodes are eutelic. what does this mean?

A

once they hatch, growth occurs by each cell growing, not by addition of more new cells

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18
Q

what is an ascaris lumbricoides?

A

common roundworm

19
Q

what is the most species rich phylum of any organism?

A

phylum arthropoda

20
Q

phylum arthropoda are the most ___________ and _____________ ___________ group of animals

A

successful and ecologically important (especially decomposers and pollinators)

21
Q

anthropods have tagmatization, what is this?

A

segmented body and jointed appendages arrange into functional units with specialized functions (division of labor)

22
Q

what specialized functions does having jointed appendages give arthropods?

A

walking, feeding, sensory, reproduction and defense

23
Q

what applies as appendages?

A

mouth and antenna

24
Q

do arthropods have cephalization?

A

yes, nervous tissue becomes concentrated towards the head and there is a clear head region

25
Q

what kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

open circulatory system!

26
Q

arthropods have a hemocoel filled with blood, proteins and other molecules called a?

A

hemolymph

27
Q

how do arthropods breathe?

A

gills for aquatic creatures and trachea for terrestrial animals (NO LONGER DONE THROUGH DIFFUSION)

28
Q

arthropods have a sclerotized cuticle made of chitin. what is its role for the arthropod?

A

the cuticle functions as an exoskeleton
they have to molt to the exoskeleton in order to grow (not flexible)
provides support against gravity
prevents desiccation (waxy coat prevents water loss - will not dry out)

29
Q

what are three of the five major groups of arthropods?

A

chelicerata, myriapoda, pancrustacea

30
Q

what animals are included in the chelicerata subphylum?

A

horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites and their relatives

31
Q

cheliicerata have chelicerae. what is a chelicerae?

A

a feeding appendage that is operated with muscle, have 2-3 segmented piercers or fangs

32
Q

chelicerata have ocelli, what is it?

A

simple eye (only one lens that can sense light, dark and movement)

33
Q

do chelicerata have antennae?

A

no!

34
Q

chelicerata have a cephalothorax, define it!

A

head that is fused with the thorax

35
Q

how many limbs does a chelicerata have? what are they used for?

A

they have 6 pairs of limbs - four are used to walk, chelicerae, and pedipalps (additional sensory organs)

36
Q

what is the specialized function of the abdomen on chelicerata?

A

specialized for digestion and reproduction

37
Q

chelicerata split into the class arachnida. what animals are these?

A

spiders, mites and scorpions

38
Q

what are some characteristics of the class arachnida?

A

ocelli - simple eyes
fluid-feeing predators - leave behind the cuticle of prey and suck out the fluids inside
separate sexes

39
Q

the class arachnida specializes into the order araneae (spiders). what are the order araneae’s characteristics?

A

tight constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen
chelicerae has two segments
0-4 pairs of ocelli
fluid feeding
maternal care

40
Q

how do araneae (spiders) breathe?

A

through the tracheae or book lungs

41
Q

what are book lungs?

A

in-folding of tissue that, when water or air goes through it, traps oxygen and air ducts remove CO2 and such from the body

42
Q

how does araneae defend themselves

A

silk production to capture prey and poison glands

43
Q

the class arachnida has another subdivision, scorpiones (scorpions). how do they get their food and eat?

A

pedipalps modified as grasping pinchers that crush or sting their prey to death, and they fluid-feed

44
Q

the class arachnida has an order acari. what animal does this refer to?

A

mites

bio 108 (22 decks)

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