gymnosperms

Question 1

what evolutionary adaptations allowed plants to live and diversify after the water dried out in the carboniferous period?

Answer 1

seeds

Question 2

what do seeds do?

Answer 2

protect the embryo with stored food and a protective outer coat

Question 3

gymnosperms are plants that have

Answer 3

seeds

Question 4

in seed plants, the the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant?

Answer 4

sporophyte

Question 5

what is the gametophyte dependent on in seed plants?

Answer 5

the sporophyte

Question 6

in the evolution of pollen and seeds, what does plants being gametophyte dependent, the pollen, ovule, and seeds all have in common as an evolutionary gain?

Answer 6

protection

Question 7

what is the loss of the gametophyte being dependent on the sporophyte?

Answer 7

more stress on the sporophyte

Question 8

what is pollen? what is it protected by?

Answer 8

a male gametophyte protected by a pollen grain

Question 9

what is the evolutionary loss of pollen?

Answer 9

a mechanism is needed to carry the pollen

Question 10

what is the ovule? what is it protected by?

Answer 10

female gametophyte protected by sporophyte

Question 11

what is the evolutionary loss of the ovule?

Answer 11

sporophyte needs extra care

Question 12

what do seeds contain?

Answer 12

the next-generation sporophyte

Question 13

what is the evolutionary loss of seeds?

Answer 13

great energy cost to plant

Question 14

what is heterospory?

Answer 14

two types of sporangia: megasporangia and microsporangia

Question 15

in the gymnosperm life cycle, how does pollination and seed dispersal occur?

Answer 15

the wind!

Question 16

in female gametophytes, what three things create the ovule?

Answer 16

integuments, megasporangium and megaspores

Question 17

in the ovule, what haploid is produced within what diploid?

Answer 17

megaspore (n); megasporangium (2n)

Question 18

the megaspore undergoes what process to become to female gametophyte?

Answer 18

mitosis

Question 19

where are male gametophytes formed?

Answer 19

within the pollen grain

Question 20

in the pollen grain, what haploid is produced within what diploid to form the male gametophyte?

Answer 20

microspore (n); microsporangium (2n)

Question 21

the microspore undergoes what process to become the male gametophyte?

Answer 21

mitosis

Question 22

do the sperm need to swim? how does it get to the female gametophyte?

Answer 22

no! sperm swims through the pollen tube (lazy ass sperm)

Question 23

what are pollen grains coated with?

Answer 23

sporopollenin

Question 24

sperm delivers pollen directly to the?

Answer 24

egg (ovule)

Question 25

how is the pollen tube formed?

Answer 25

by pollen grains

Question 26

what happens to the extra sperm cells?

Answer 26

they become the food source for the female gametophyte

Question 27

in pollination, pollen is transferred to what part of the seed?

Answer 27

the female gametophyte that contains the ovule

Question 28

the male gametophyte is protected in the?

Answer 28

pollen grain

Question 29

a seed is an embryo in __________ tissues that is wrapped in a parent __________

Answer 29

gametophyte; sporophyte

Question 30

how is the size of the seed determined?

Answer 30

the amount of gametophyte derived food

Question 31

seeds are what kind of stage?

Answer 31

the dispersal stage

Question 32

what is the contrast between seeded plant and non-seeded plant stages?

Answer 32

seeds are in the dispersal stage and spores are in the travelling stage