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PHGY 209 > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what does ans control

A

visceral organs
internal organs - relates to heart rate, contraction of muscle in digestive tract, regulates breathing, diameter of blood vessels
monitors inside and feeds into cns

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2
Q

what is ans

A

sensory motor system
senses what goes on inside body
monitor internal body state and relay info to cns
has output system that uses info to regulate internal organs

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3
Q

what is ans concerned with

A

homeostasis = maintenance of stable internal environment in face of changing external conditions

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4
Q

name 3 divisions of ans

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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5
Q

what do divisions of ans innervate

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular tissue
enteric system controls digestive tarct

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6
Q

describe ans systems

A

sympathetic = arousal system, heart beat harder, breathing shallower and faster, pupils dilate, palms sweat
parasymapthetic = slows heart, contractions in digestive tract, breathing slow and deep, constricts pupil
complementary antagonistic functions in body = work to maintain homeostasis and balance between systems

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7
Q

what effects do parasympathetic and sympathetic systems have on target tissues

A

opposite effects

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8
Q

describe sympathetic system

A

emergency fight or flight reactions

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9
Q

describe parasympathetic system

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

is only sympathetic or parasympathetic working at a time

A

both active all the time and work together to regulate internal organs and maintain them within a normal physiological range
in certain circumstances one is more active than other

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11
Q

where do axons of sympathetic preganlionic neurons emerge from

A

ventral roots of thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord along with axons of motor neurons

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12
Q

where do postganglionic neurons project for sympathetic

A

target organs

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13
Q

describe neurons of sympathetic system

A

1 st neuron = preganglionic = very short, synapse right outside spinal cord and makes synapse on to post ganglionic neuron
axons leave spinal cord to make synapse

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14
Q

what is nucleus vs ganglia

A

ganglia = pns
nucleus = cns
organized group of synapses, cell bodies and dendrites in cns

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15
Q

where are synapses between preganglionic and postganlionic sympathetic neurons clustered

A

right outside spinal cord in sympathetic ganglia
chains run along spinal cords
thoracic and lumbar regions
pregang out spinal cord –> postgang –> target organs

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16
Q

what do sympathetic preganglionic neurons release

A

acetlycholine = activates nicotinic actelycholine receptors on post ganglionic neurons

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17
Q

what do sympathetic post ganglionic neurons release

A

norepi
actiavtes alpha and beta adrenergic receptors on tagret

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18
Q

describe nicotinic ach receptors

A

excitatory
ion channels open in response to ach and depolarizes neuron and sends ap down

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19
Q

describe adrenergic receptors

A

postganlionic neuron (very long) releases norepi on these receptors
metabotropic receptors = change biochemistry and phsyiology of cells

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20
Q

describe effect of norepi on heart

A

heart contacts more
but if released in lung = smooth muscle bronchiole relaxes, effect depends on tissue

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21
Q

what do beta blockers do

A

block adrenergic = heart wont beat hard when neurons

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22
Q

where do axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from

A

brainstem = cranial nerves iii, vii, ix, x
sacral spinal cord

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23
Q

describe pregang neurons of parasymp

A

extend almost all the way to peripheral targets
then postgang extend remaining short distance

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24
Q

describe vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic input to visceral organs - heart, lungs, etc

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25
Q

describe facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

A

innervate salivary gland

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26
Q

describe oculomotor nerve

A

innervates smooth muscle responsible for contraction and relaxation of pupils of eye

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27
Q

what do parasympathetic projections from sacral spinal cord innervate

A

bladder
large intestine
reproductive organs

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28
Q

describe cranial nerves

A

output comes through nerves that emerge from brainstem
iii = oculomotor nerve, for pupils
vii = facial nerve - controls face
ix = glossopharyngeal nerve, innervates mouth and some parasym effects
x = vagus nerve, very important, innervates body
sacral spinal cord - some nerves here too

29
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12 emerge from brainstem

30
Q

what do parasym preganglionic neurons release

A

ach
actiavtes postsynaptic nicotinic ach receptors

31
Q

what do parasym postganglionic neurons release

A

also release ach
activates muscarinic ach receptors

32
Q

where are parasymp ganglia located

A

near target organ

33
Q

describe muscarinic ach receptors

A

Activated by muscarin
metabotropic = changes physiology

34
Q

describe effect of ach on heart

A

makes heart slow down
but on lungs = constricts

35
Q

describe when stimulate sympathetic

A

increase heart rate and strength of contractions
bigger faster

36
Q

describe when stimulate parasympathetic

A

decrease heart rate and contraction
slower weaker

37
Q

what does enteric system control

A

gastrointestinal tract covered by smooth muscle
pancreas
gallbladder
smooth muscle in gut and local blood vessels and secretion by mucosa

38
Q

how many neurons does enteric system contain

A

100 mil
as many as spinal cord

39
Q

what does enteric system recieve input from

A

receives input from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
highly autonomous and can put function normally in absence of external neuronal input

40
Q

what does enteric system contain

A

cholinergic neurons =tend to activate peristaltic contractions of gut
adrenergic neurons = suppress gut and peristalsis
neurons that release neuropeptides, atp and nitric oxide

41
Q

can intestines contract on their own

A

intestine contracts in physiological solutions
if put ach = contract bc parasymp
if put norepi = stop contract cause symp

42
Q

what is intestine made up of

A

2 layers smooth muscle, longitudinal, circular
2 layers of neurons = myenteric plexus and submucous plexus

43
Q

what does myenteric plexus control

A

contractions of smooth muscle

44
Q

what does mucous plexus control

A

intestinal secretions

45
Q

what does ans respond to

A

variety of sensory inputs
come in through spinal cord and inside body - come through vagus nerve (sensory, parasym output)

46
Q

give ex of sensory input to ans

A

stimulation of pain sensing neurons in skin activates sympathetic neurons that regulate local vasoconstriction

47
Q

where does most sensory info from viscerla organs get to cns from

A

vagus nerve
inputs to spinal cord

48
Q

how does visceral sensory info enter brain

A

glossopharyngeal
facial nerves

49
Q

what do brainstem regions mediate

A

direct autonomic reflexes and projects to higher brain areas (like hypothalamus and cerebral cortex)
coordinate autonomic repsonses

50
Q

what does brain stem do

A

integrates visceral sensory inputs and autonomic outputs
project to higher brain centers involved in homeostasis

51
Q

what controls brainstem

A

amygdala
hypothalamus - sensory info also conveyed here and regulates output from brainstem

52
Q

describe brainstem nuclei

A

first level of everything
Sensory input can generate symp and parasymp outputs
brainstem nuclei = continuation of spinal cord
Organizes and controls stereotyped behavioural responses (like cat)
automated response at level of brainstem (chewing, facial expression)

53
Q

what does hypothalamus integrate

A

autonomic responses, endocrine function with behviour to maintain homeostasis

54
Q

name 5 basic physiological needs hypothalamus regulates

A

blood pressure and electrolyte balance
body temp
energy metabolism - eating, balance of glucose
reproduction
emergency responses to stress - behavioural and metabolic processes

55
Q

describe what hypothalamus does for temp as ex

A

compares sensory info with biological set points - ex = 37 degrees for body temp
gets continuous sensory input

56
Q

describe what hypothalamus does when detect deviation for temp as ex

A

detects deviation from set point and coordinates autonomic
endocrine and
beahvioural responses to restore homeostaiss

57
Q

how does brain recieve info about temp

A

monitors body temp - sensory neuron in body sends info to hypothalamus = indirect measure
neurons in hypothalamus that are sensitive to temp - directly measures itself and generates output pathway

58
Q

describe if body temp too high

A

sweating (autonomic)
turn on ac (motivated to act)

59
Q

describe if body temp too low

A

shivering - from brainstem, automated response, generates heat, shift where heat retained in body
putting on sweater = cold so motivated to put sweater on (cerebral cortex)
Thyroxin = from pituitary, regulates metabolism = generates heat

60
Q

describe fever

A

immune system sets point in hypothalamus to 40 degrees = chills
body temp rises
fever breaks = set point brought down so too hot so sweat

61
Q

what does ans and hypothalamus interact with

A

other brain regions
including amygdala
parts of cerebral cortex (relate visceral responses to conscious feelings and connect emotions to memories)

62
Q

describe cerebral cortex

A

regions of brain involved in feelings and connections

63
Q

what happens if in dangerous situation

A

Physiological changes
fear based on cognitive understanding but also physiological changes
connection between physiological changes and interpreted by brain

64
Q

describe hippocampus

A

learning
explicit declarative memory

65
Q

describe uncus

A

amygdala in uncus

66
Q

describe medial regions of cortex and fontal regions of cortex

A

connect amygdala brainstem and up thalamus to cerebral cortex
connect feeling to cognitive state - why i feel afraid
cognitive interpretation = cerebral cortex
Emotional physiological response - amygdala, hypothalamus, brainstem

67
Q

what is amygdala for

A

forms connection between cognitive understanding of world and visceral response normally elicited in response to feelings
amygdala = important for role that emotion and physiological changes play in learning

68
Q

describe bilateral loss of amygdala

A

not normal learning
normal subjects = show pics and measure increase in arousal, most neutral pics but some bad, shows strong emotional response = arousal goes up
ppl with amygdala damage = do not have this response
new stack of images but with repeats =
normal people = more likely to remember things that elicit strong emotional response
amygdala lesions = do not remember emotional ones more

PHGY 209 (19 decks)

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