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PHGY 209 > Cognitive/motor 1 > Flashcards

Cognitive/motor 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how can consciousness be thought of

A

2 diff ways = state of consciousness and conscious experience

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1
Q

describe state of consciousness

A

level of arousal - awake, asleep, etc
measured by beahviour and brain activity
medically relevant

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2
Q

describe conscious experience

A

thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc
capacity to experience one’s existence rather than just recording it or responding to stimuli like an automaton, have a mental life, laptop probably does not

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3
Q

what is eeg

A

electroencephalogram
measures brain activity
mainly measures activity of neurons located near scalp in gray matter of cortex (closest to skull)

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4
Q

describe eeg

A

each electrode measures activity of neurons closest to it
shows activity but not what its for
Electrodes affected by millions of neuron’s since many neuron’s are small
measures voltage

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5
Q

what is frequency of eeg related to

A

when alert = high frequencies
sleep = low frequencies- associated with many neurons doing same thing = synchronous activity
levels of responsiveness

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6
Q

what is amplitude of eeg related to

A

related to synchronous neural activity

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7
Q

describe eeg during seizure

A

abnormal synchronously
normal = random, not large variations

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8
Q

what does eegs reflect

A

mental states

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9
Q

describe alpha rhythm

A

relaxed with eyes closed - awake
slow frequencies, larger amplitudes

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10
Q

describe beta rythym

A

alert
fast frequencies
smaller amplitudes

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11
Q

name stages of sleep

A

NREM - slow wave sleep
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
stage 4
REM - paradoxical sleep

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12
Q

describe amp/freq of awake

A

low amp
high freq

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13
Q

describe amp/freq of stages

A

stage 1 -4 = low to high amp (low frequ) 30-45 mins

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14
Q

describe amp/freq of rem

A

low amp
high freq

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15
Q

what is rem

A

rapid eye movemnts = when dreaming

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16
Q

describe whole sleep pathway

A

amplitudes get bigger and slower frequencies
20-45 mins from stage 1-4 then stage 4-1 = smaller amp higher frequ and then rem sleep (eegs start looking like alert) then bounce out of rem sleep and go 1-4 and 4-1 and then rem again = cycle all night long
# of times you cycle depend on age (more for babies, as get older = less time)

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17
Q

why do we sleep

A

don’t know but most animals sleep= important for functioning
lack of sleep = bad

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18
Q

during sleep what happens

A

consolidation of memory
changes structure of brain
helps you remember experiences from day
helps us get better when sick

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19
Q

describe sleep apnea

A

sudden reduction in respiration
mechanical problem = tongue drops back and blocks respiration, when skeletal muscle inhibited = produces snoring
if block respiration = cannot breathe so wakes up = interrupts rem sleep

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20
Q

describe physiological changes during rem

A

increases eye movement
increased inhibition of skeletal muscle (low muscle tone, twitching can occur)
Increased heart rate and respiration

21
Q

what is circadian rhythm

A

period of wake and sleep
mediated by reticular activating system and nuclei in hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and preoptic area of hypothalamus)
ras projects everywhere n brain, like cortex and moves you from awake to sleep

22
Q

describe regulating states of consciousness - awake

A

norepi and serotonin increase and reduced ach
cholinergic neurons active
reduced gaba and increases histamine

23
Q

describe regulating states of consciousness - sleep

A

opposite
cholinergic neurons active, low norepi and ach
high gaba less histamine
increased inhibition

24
Q

what is melatonin

A

helps move states of consciousness

25
Q

what do sleep meds do

A

lower histamine or increases gaba

26
Q

describe allergy meds - sleepiness

A

antihistamines = make you sleepy
pulls you to sleepy state of consciousness

27
Q

what is motivation

A

produce goal directed behaviour
all animals tend to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

28
Q

what is emotions

A

Accompany our conscious experiences
like rates/score, tend to remember emotionally high scores

29
Q

what is mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

controls motivation
reward pathway

30
Q

describe reward pathway

A

locus ceruleus in RAS projects to midbrain and projects to prefrontal cortex (helps asses reward, course of action)
Dopamine is primary neurotransmitter
Amphetamines = drug of abuse, affects this pathway, mimics effect of dopamine = highly addictive, alters behaviour in destructive ways

31
Q

describe self stimulation experiments

A

drive to seek drug since they activate pathways
Animals just want to press button and keep activating rewards
Continuous activation of reward related areas of brain

32
Q

describe limbic system

A

emotional responses
olfactory bulb = smells generate emotional responses
amygdala = embedded inside cerebral cortex, internal nuclei, important
hippocampus = next to amygdala, formation of memory

33
Q

what are altered states of consciousness

A

limbic system involved
everyones state of consciousness is different
Schizophrenia and mood disorders

34
Q

describe schizophrenia

A

diverse set of problems in basic cognitive processing
wide range of symptoms including hallucinations and delusions
affects 1/100 ppl
reducing effects of dopamine can improve symptoms

35
Q

name 2 common mood disorders

A

depression
bipolar disorder

36
Q

describe depression

A

decreased activity in anterior limbic system = emotional state but some have excessive
treatments = increase levels of serotonin and norepi in extracellular space around synapses

37
Q

describe bipolar disorder

A

swings between mania and depression
Treatment = lithium that reduces certain synaptic signalling pathways

38
Q

name 2 memory systems

A

declarative
procedural

39
Q

describe declarative memory

A

Conscious experiences that can be put into words (names, facts, places)
short term = hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures
long term = many areas of cortex (happens after consolidation)

40
Q

describe procedural memory

A

skilled behaviour
short term = widely distributed
long term =basal nuclei, cerebellum, premotor cortex

41
Q

describe consolidation

A

short term to long term
happens when sleep - lots of consolidation

42
Q

where does memory happen

A

hippocampus

43
Q

describe what happens if hippocampus removed from both sides of brain

A

profound memory deficiency = couldn’t consolidate anything
past memories = maintained but doesnt remember meeting people
can learn new skill but wont remember learning it

44
Q

describe language

A

only one cortex
usually in left hemisphere

45
Q

describe broca’s area

A

Articulation = production of language, ability to speak
around frontal lobe
in front of premotor cortex

46
Q

describe wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of spoken/written language
around temporal lobe

47
Q

what is aphasia

A

language deficit

48
Q

what happens if broca’s area damaged

A

can understand but not produce language
motor commands - talking requires motor commands like breathing, mouth, tongue, throat
cannot produce words

49
Q

what happens if wernickes area damaged

A

like by stroke
cannot comprehend written or spoken words
can still produce words but do not make sense

50
Q

describe parietal damage

A

common effect of stroke

51
Q

what happens if parietal damage

A

sensory neglect = ex damage left parietal lobe = receives sensory info from right side of body = everything is fine but even tho sensory inputs from contralateral side =as if doesnt exist, hemineglect
only draw half image, part that corresponds to opp side = incomplete
woman with plate of food - only ate half

PHGY 209 (19 decks)

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