Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHGY 209 > body fluids > Flashcards

body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fundamental principle

A

functional activities are directed at maintaining homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the relative constancy of the milieu interieur (internal environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who is claude bernard

A

father of physiology - created milieu interieur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 principles of milieu interieur

A

environment surrounding individual cells is vastly different from external environment (external can change)
internal environment remains relatively constant under conditions of health (must stay constant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name the aspects body fluids milieu interieur includes

A

volume
distribution
characteristics
functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most abundant single constituent of the body

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much of body weight is water

A

around 45%-75% depends on individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens in body water

A

medium in which solutes are dissolved and metabolic reactions take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name functions of body water (8)

A

regulated body temp
lubricates joints
lessens burden on kidneys and liver (flush out waste)
carries nutrients and O2 to cells
helps dissolve minerals and nutrients
helps prevent constipation
protects body organs and tissues
moistens tissues (mouth, eyes, nose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why is there a large body water content difference in people

A

depends on where water is in body
not the same as blood sugar or pH (has a small range of acceptable numbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name % of water in various tissues
skin
muscle
heart, liver, brain, kidney
bone
fat

A

skin = 70%
muscle = 75%
heart, liver, brain, kidney = 70-80%
bone = 25%
fat = 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what accounts for the large difference in %body water

A

adipose tissue
its only 10% water - its very dry
leads to big difference in body water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe body water and weight trends

A

the more fat the less % body water
since the fat takes up more space
the more thin the more % body water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if body water content was calculated as a fraction of lean body mass what would happen

A

differences in % body water would be insignificant
around the same for all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

standard values for a physiological reference individual

A

21 y/o white male 70kg
must adjust for age sex and weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

generally describe how % body water changes from infant–>old (factor in sex)

A

infants (regardless of sex) = little subcutaneous fat so higher %body water (~75%)
puberty = more fat so percent goes down, but here different for sex
males = ~60%
females = ~50%
as you age = loose muscle mass so % decreases
males = ~50%
females = ~45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why does female %body water change at puberty (lower than males)

A

sex hormone estrogen leads to characteristic fat deposit in butt and breasts - this difference continues for rest of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how to calculate body water

A

for 70kg male, ~60% water
(70x60)/100 = 42kg ~ 42L
weight x %body water / 100 = kg (approx same amount of litres)
if 70kg female, ~50% water
70x50/100 ~ 35L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why is knowing amount of body water important (+ calculations)

A

when administering water soluble medication
differs a lot when looking at elderly, infants, very thin people
could lead to a low concentration in body or high one - which isnt good

calculations
L TO mL then use dosage
ex 70kg male - 42L water and dosage = 10mg/7kg
so final concentration in body
100/42,000 = 0.0024mg/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T OR F: body water needs to be constant in health

A

TRUE
its in a dynamic steady state
not static - dynamic equilibrium
exchanges between individual and external environment must be equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe intake of body water

A

oral fluid
oral intake as food
oxidative water from metabolism (cellular respiration produced H20)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what must be equal for body to be in water balance

A

intake and output total values must be equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe output of body water

A

insensible (stuff you don’t feel)
sensible (stuff you feel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe insensible (output)

A

skin - passive evaporation NOT SWEAT tho
lungs - lose h20 when breathe
depends on how dry air is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe sensible (output)

A

kidneys (flush out waste)
stool (feces)
additional facultative losses (by kidneys, to make up difference, urine, creates fluid balance and depends on h2o intake)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

describe obligatory losses

A

just getting rid of waste ~1.5L per day
insensible (lungs and skin)
sensible (urine and stool)
these always happen (this is why you need water and can’t survive long without it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe facultative losses

A

vary with intake
urine (produce more urine if drank more water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the kidney

A

major homeostatic organ for water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is insensible perspiration (compare to sweat, brief)

A

through skin not sweating tho very different
sweating is in loss column too but it’s different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe insensible perspiration (4)

A

1 - pure water
2 - passive evaporation (affects by ambient temp and humidity) *no energy required
3 - entire skin surface (present even when person doesn’t have sweat glands)
4 - continuous (day and night)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe sweating (4)

A

1 - electrolyte solution
2 - active secretion (requires energy)
3 - only sweat glands
4 - activated by heavy work or high temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe turnover in adults

A

around 3-4% body weight over 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe turnover in infants

A

around 10% total body weight in 24 hours
much more sensitive to dehydration and over heating bc no subcutaneous fat (high surface to vol ratio) and kidneys are developed (also why can’t give baby water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

compare water turnover in adults and infants

A

for adults it’s like they are a sphere - a water molecule must travel radius to get to surface
for infants it’s like they are a tube so water doesn’t have to travel far to get out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does constant body water help maintain

A

normal solute concentrations
normal blood volume and pressure
=
allows for adequate supply of O2 to tissues (and for nutrients to get places)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a negative water balance

A

water loss > water intake

37
Q

name and describe the 5 ways to create negative water balance

A

1 - reduced intake (if obligatory losses are great and you aren’t drinking water)
2 - excessive loss from gut (diarrhea)
3 - excessive sweating (heavy exercise)
4 - excessive loss in expired air (dry air at high altitudes)
5 - excessive loss in urine (medical issue like diabetes)

38
Q

what is water intoxication

A

water intake > water loss

39
Q

name and describe the 2 ways to create water intoxication

A

1 - excessive intake (like in a marathon race, overloading by drinking too much water too fast = throws off electrolyte balance, also hyponatremia)
2 - renal system failure (kidneys don’t lose enough water)

40
Q

is sweat obligatory or facultative

A

NEITHERRRRR - is an output

41
Q

what is state of body water

A

dynamic steady state

42
Q

how much % of body mass is total body water

A

60%

43
Q

how many major compartments is body water in

A

2

44
Q

describe subdivisions of one major compartment (ECF)

A

2 major subcompartments
2 minor subcompartments

45
Q

what do the major/minor subcompartments differ in

A

size
volume
composition (electrolyte/protein concentration)
function

46
Q

T OR F: body water compartments & subcompartments are rigidly isolated chambers

A

FALSE
they are NOT rigidly isolated chambers
compartments are continuously interacting in a dynamic fashion
water exchanges freely between them

47
Q

name the 2 main body water compartments and percentages

A

intracellular fluid = ICF ~ 2/3 body water = 40% of body mass
extracellular fluid = ECF ~ 1/3 = 20% of body mass

48
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

water inside cells of body
aggregate of fluid bound by internal surfaces of all cell membranes

49
Q

what is extracellular fluid

A

outside cells and in different parts of body

50
Q

give litres of body water % and compartments for reference male

A

total body water = 42L
ICF ~ 28 L
ECF ~ 14L

51
Q

name subdivisions of ECF

A

2 major = plasma and ISF (interstitial fluid)
2 minor = lymph and transcellular fluid

52
Q

what is plasma

A

fluid medium in which blood is suspended
fluid inside circulatory system surrounding blood cells

53
Q

what happens when you centrifuge blood

A

plasma
buffy layer
RBCs

heavy components at bottom

54
Q

what is the buffy layer

A

WBCs
platelets

55
Q

what is hematocrit

A

Ht
percentage of blood volume that is occupied by rbcs (erythrocytes)

56
Q

what is normal hematocrit

A

~45%

57
Q

what is Ht

A

Ht = packed cell volume (PCV)

58
Q

why is hematocrit important

A

RBCS are important to transport O2
helps to see what is wrong - like if someone is anemic

59
Q

how to calculate Ht

A

height of erythrocyte column OVER height of whole blood column

60
Q

what percent of body weight is plasma

A

5%

61
Q

what percent of body weight is ISF

A

15%

62
Q

what is ISF

A

true milieu interieur
fluid which percolates between individual cells
(plasma moves out of capillaries and becomes ISF)

63
Q

describe interstitial fluid and lymphatic drainage

A

lymphatic system picks up ISF (becomes lymph)
blind ended tubules

64
Q

describe lymphatic system (lymph volume)

A

network of blind ended terminal tubules
coalesce to form larger lymphatic vessels
converge to form large lymphatic ducts
drain into large veins in the chest

lymph vol = ~ 1-2% of ECF

65
Q

what is transcellular fluid

A

aggregate or small fluid volumes secreted by specific epithelial cells that line some body cavities
found in different body compartments
fluids have specialized functions

66
Q

what is volume of transcellular fluid

A

<1-2% of ECF

67
Q

describe transcellular fluids (generally)

A

doesn’t contribute to overall water exchanges - local changes do not affect body fluid balance
locally it plays an important role in function (must have the right amount of fluid)

68
Q

T or F: total volume remains constant

A

TRUEEE

69
Q

T or F: compartments are in a state of static equilibrium

A

FALSE
dynamic equilibrium- water can move freely between compartments

70
Q

T or F: relative distribution between compartments remains constant

A

TRUE
total water = 60%
ICF = 40%
ECF = 20%
ISF = 15%
plasma = 5%

71
Q

name 2 ways how to determine compartment volumes

A

direct
indirect

72
Q

describe direct method of determining compartment volumes

A

weigh spider then put into desiccator and weigh again - not always used bc spider dies

73
Q

describe indirect method of determining compartment volumes

A

indicator dilution method - figure out volume if shape is irregular

take known quantity of solution and add to unknown volume and allow time to mix and then take out known volume and determine concentration to find volume

74
Q

what info do you need for indicator dilution method

A

total quantity of test substances introduced
concentration of substance/unit volume of fluid after dispersion

V= Q/c

75
Q

describe steps of indicator dilution method (5)

A

1 - introduce known quantity (Q) of indicator into vein
2 - allow time to equilibrate and move between different compartments
3 - remove known volume of blood and centrifuge to get plasma
4 - measure concentration (c) in unit volume of plasma
5 - calculate V=Q/c

76
Q

describe how to choose indicator for indicator dilution method (4)

A

must be non toxic
diffuse readily - distribute evenly throughout compartments to be measured - need to know where indicator will go and cross through
cannot induce changes in distribution of water between compartments
must be easy to measure

77
Q

to determine total body water what indicator to use (indicator dilution method)

A

antipyrine
D2O
T2O
must be able to cross plasma, capillary wall, ISF and cell membrane into ICF

78
Q

to determine total ECF volume what indicator to use (indicator dilution method)

A

inulin
sucrose
mannitol
must make sure it won’t cross cell membrane

79
Q

to determine total plasma volume what indicator to use (indicator dilution method)

A

evans blue
radioactive albumin
wont cross capillary wall

80
Q

how to use indicator dilution method in clinical setting - how to adjust and for what

A

must correct for any amount that has been removed from body by metabolism or excretion during the time allowed for mixing

81
Q

how to calculate ICF

A

total body water - ECF = ICF

82
Q

how to calculate ISF

A

ECF - plasma = ISF

83
Q

what type of fluids are body fluids

A

aqueous solutions of inorganic ions with variable amounts of proteins

84
Q

describe ionic composition of ICF

A

high in K+ (and Mg++)
low in Na+ and Cl-

85
Q

describe ionic composition of ECF

A

high in Na+ and Cl-
low in K+

ISF and plasma = slightly different
plasma has more protein than ISF

0.9%NaCl

86
Q

what are artificial physiological solutions

A

substitute for plasma/ISF

87
Q

name 3 artificial physiological solutions

A

physiological saline (0.9% NaCl)
ringers solution
locke ringer solution

88
Q

describe physiological saline

A

9g NaCl and H2O to make 1L
restoring body water - in dehydration and acute blood loss

89
Q

describe locke ringer solution

A

has 0.5g dextrose (sugar)
used for energy for fluid movement

PHGY 209 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions