ANS

Question 1

What are catacholamines

Answer 1

Class of agents secreted in response to stress that include epinephrine nor epinephrine and dopamine involved in neurotransmission

Question 2

What is the sequence of events for elevated blood pressure through the ANS system

Answer 2

1. Visceral sensory output is elevated BP causing excessive stretching to baroreceptors. 2. The stretch receptor signal is transmitted via the sensory division to the CNS where information is processed. 3. A response is effected through motor division of the peripheral NS Ari the ANS and then to the arteries veins and heart to regulate BP

Question 3

What pathway does ANS follow for organ innervation

Answer 3

The ANS nerve fibers leave the spinal cord to meet a ganglion where they will synapse with a second nerve fiber

Question 4

SNS pre ganglion’s fibers are relatively _____ as most ganglia are in the paravertebral region and the post ganglion fibers are _____ by comparison

Answer 4

Short and long

Question 5

Which organs are innervated by both SNS and PNS

Answer 5

Urinary bladder and heart

Question 6

In the SNS system which part of the fiber actually innervates the target organ or tissue

Answer 6

The postganglionic fibers

Question 7

What are the different terms for the SNS and the PNS?

Answer 7

SNS is fight flight or fright or the adrenaline rush response and PNS is rest and digest or repair and renew

Question 8

What is a adrenergic nerve ending?

Answer 8

A nerve ending that releases nor epinephrine as the primary neurotransmitter, this term is also used for a synapse in which norepinephrine is the primary transmitter

Question 9

What is an adrenergic receptor?

Answer 9

A receptor that binds and is activated by one of the adrenergic transmitters nor epinephrine, epinephrine or dopamine also called an adrenoreceptor

Question 10

What are autonomic effector cells/tissues

Answer 10

Cells or tissues that have adrenoreceptors or cholioceptors like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 11

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 11

The homeostatic mechanism that maintains a constant arterial blood pressure there are also low pressure venous pressure receptors

Question 12

What is a cholinergic receptor?

Answer 12

A receptor that binds and is activated by acetylcholine

Question 13

What is a cholinergic ending?

Answer 13

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine this term also used for a synapse in which acetylcholine is primary transmitter

Question 14

What is a dopaminergic nerve ending?

Answer 14

A nerve ending that releases dopamine as the primary neurotransmitter

Question 15

What are ganglion?

Answer 15

The location where terminals from the first neuron make contact with cell bodies and extensions of the second neuron. these synapses are located in the ganglia

Question 16

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 16

The part of the ANS that originates in the cranial nerves and sacral part of the spinal cord

Question 17

What is post synaptic receptor?

Answer 17

A receptor located on the distal side of a synapse on the postganglionic neuron or an autonomic effector cell

Question 18

What is a pre-synaptic receptor

Answer 18

A receptor located on the nerve ending from which the neurotransmitter is released into the synapse this receptor modulates the release of the neurotransmitter

Question 19

What is the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

The part of the ANS that originates in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord

Question 20

What are the primary neurotransmitters in the ANS

Answer 20

Nor epinephrine and acetylcholine

Question 21

Which neurotransmitter hits preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers from the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

Acetylcholine

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter hits most postganglionic fibers from the SNS

Answer 22

Nor epinephrine

Question 23

What is the other name for preganglionic fibers?

Answer 23

Efferent fibers

Question 24

On occasion, which neurotransmitter may be in the SNS but primarily active in the CNS

Answer 24

Dopamine

Question 25

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

Answer 25

In the cytoplasm from acetyl – COA and choline

Question 26

Release of acetylcholine is dependent on what?

Answer 26

Extra cellular calcium

Question 27

When acetylcholine reaches the terminal, what does it trigger?

Answer 27

Sufficient influx of calcium ions

Question 28

What happens after acetylcholine is released from the pre-synaptic terminal

Answer 28

Acetylcholine molecules bind and activate an acetylcholine receptor. Eventually, all of the acetylcholine released will diffuse within range of an acetylcholinesterase molecule. The acetylcholine esterase molecule very efficiently, splits acetylcholine into Choline and acetate, neither of which has significant transmitter effects and thereby terminates the action of the transmitter.

Question 29

Why is the half-life of acetylcholine in the synapse very short?

Answer 29

The AChE molecules split acetylcholine and terminates the action

Question 30

In the adrenal medulla in certain areas of the brain, what is nor epinephrine converted to

Answer 30

Epinephrine

Question 31

What neurotransmitter terminates synthesis in the CNS

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

Which two types of receptors are in the postsynaptic neuron

Answer 32

Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors

Question 33

Where is nor epinephrine stored?

Answer 33

Vesicles in the pre-synaptic neuron

Question 34

What happened in nor epinephrine termination?

Answer 34

Diffuses away from the receptor and re-uptakes into the pre-synaptic neuron

Question 35

What kind of drugs block action potential propagation?

Answer 35

Non-selective drugs, such as local anesthetics

Question 36

What kind of drugs block, neurotransmitter synthesis, and storage?

Answer 36

Highly selective drugs

Question 37

What kind of drug is sympathomimetic

Answer 37

Adrenergic agonist

Question 38

What kind of drug is sympatholytic?

Answer 38

Adrenergic antagonist

Question 39

What kind of drug is para sympathomimetic

Answer 39

Cholinomimetic or cholinergic agonist

Question 40

What kind of drug is parasympatholytic

Answer 40

Cholinergic antagonist

Question 41

What catecholamine is released during stress by the adrenal medulla

Answer 41

Epinephrine

Question 42

What do sympathomimetic drugs mimic?

Answer 42

Epinephrine and nor epinephrine

Question 43

What do sympatholytic drugs block?

Answer 43

Nor epinephrine and epinephrine

Question 44

What kind of drugs mimic acetylcholine?

Answer 44

Parasympathomimetic

Question 45

What do parasympatholytic drugs block or antagonize?

Answer 45

Acetylcholine

Question 46

What are two examples of alpha one agonist

Answer 46

Phenylaphrine and midodrine

Question 47

What are two examples of alpha two agonists

Answer 47

Clonidine and methyldopa

Question 48

What are two examples of alpha one antagonists

Answer 48

Prazosin and labetalol

Question 49

What is one example of alpha two antagonists

Answer 49

Yohimbine

Question 50

What are four examples of beta agonists that work on beta one and or two?

Answer 50

Nor epinephrine, dobutamine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol

Question 51

What are two examples of beta two agonist

Answer 51

Albuterol and terbutaline

Question 52

what is a example of a nonselective beta one and two antagonist

Answer 52

Propranolol

Question 53

What is an example of a selective beta one antagonist?

Answer 53

Atenolol and metoprolol

Question 54

What are three dopamine agonist?

Answer 54

Bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole

Question 55

What are three dopamine antagonists?

Answer 55

Zyprexa risperidone and Thorazine

Question 56

What are the types of adrenergic adrenoreceptors

Answer 56

Alpha one and two agonist alpha one and two antagonist, beta one and two agonist beta, one and two antagonist and dopamine, agonist and antagonist.

Question 57

What are the types of cholinoreceptors

Answer 57

Acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterase esterase receptors

Question 58

What are the acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 58

Muscarinic, agonists, muscarinic, antagonist and nicotinic, agonist and nicotinic and antagonist

Question 59

What are two examples of muscarinic agonist?

Answer 59

Bethanechol and pilocarpine

Question 60

What are two examples of muscarinic antagonist?

Answer 60

Atropine and hyoscyamine

Question 61

What is an example of a nicotinic agonist?

Answer 61

Nicotine

Question 62

What is an example of a nicotine antagonist?

Answer 62

Ganglionic blockers used in anesthesia

Question 63

What are four examples of cholinesterase and inhibitors

Answer 63

Neostigmine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and Organophosphates like insecticides and nerve gases

Question 64

Which cholinesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 64

Donepezil and rivastigmine

Question 65

Which cholinesterase inhibitor is used to treat myasthenia gravis

Answer 65

Neostigmine

Question 66

What are potent cholinesterase inhibitors that enhanced transmission at all colonic sites, both nicotinic and muscarinic

Answer 66

The oregano-phosphates parathion and malathion which makes them effective poisons

Question 67

What cholinesterase inhibitor has been used as a chemical weapon for over 50 years

Answer 67

Sarin but it is only effective when it is composed of two components

Question 68

Which drug causes vasodilation that can be blocked by atropine

Answer 68

Bethanechol

Question 69

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

Answer 69

Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, secretion of exocrine and certain endocrine glands, cardiac rate and contractility and certain steps of intermediary metabolism.

Question 70

Beta 2selective Agonists are often effective in what?

Answer 70

Asthma