cephalosporin, Tetracycline, Macrolides And Aminoglycosides

Question 1

What is the Most widely used group of antibiotics?

Answer 1

Cephalosporins

Question 2

What class of antibiotics activity increases with each generation

Answer 2

Cephalosporin

Question 3

What are common adverse reactions to cephalosporin in both children and adults?

Answer 3

A maculopapular or mobile form rash

Question 4

How are cephalosporin classified?

Answer 4

Through five major groups or generations based on their anti-microbial activity

Question 5

Which generation of cephalosporin have good activity against aerobic, gram-positive organisms, and some community acquired gram-negative organisms?

Answer 5

First generation cephalosporin like Keflex

Question 6

Which generation of cephalosporin have slightly extended spectrum against gram-negative bacteria, and are active against somegram-negative anaerobes

Answer 6

Second generation

Question 7

Which generation of cephalosporin are active against many gram-negative bacteria

Answer 7

Third generation like Rocephin

Question 8

Which generation of cephalosporin is considered more stable against beta-lactam and has little or no beta-lactamase inducing capacity

Answer 8

Fourth generation like Cefepime

Question 9

Which generation of cephalosporin is uniquely active against MRSA and has gram-negative spectrum activity that is comparable to the third generation agents

Answer 9

Fifth generation like ceftatoline

Question 10

What generation is cefoderocol and what is it used for?

Answer 10

Fifth generation Hospital acquired, bacterial pneumonia, and complicated UTI caused by gram-negative microorganisms

Question 11

Which cephalosporin generations are used for otitis media, gonorrhea, COPD, meningitis, and limes disease

Answer 11

Second and third generation

Question 12

Which generation of cephalosporin is typically used for skin and soft tissue infections or UTIs

Answer 12

First generation

Question 13

Which generation of cephalosporin is typically used for bacteremia and intra-abdominal infections

Answer 13

Fourth generation

Question 14

Which generation of cephalosporin is used for MRSA vancomycin resistant staph aureus hospital acquired pneumonia and negative complicated UTI

Answer 14

Fifth generation

Question 15

What generation is uniquely used against MRSA

Answer 15

Fifth generation cephalosporin

Question 16

What generation is more stable against beta lactamase

Answer 16

Fourth generation cephalosporin

Question 17

What generation is cefepime from?

Answer 17

Fourth generation cephalosporin

Question 18

What generation is ceftaroline from

Answer 18

Fifth generation cephalosporin

Question 19

What generation is cephalexin from?

Answer 19

First generation cephalosporin

Question 20

What generation is ceftriaxone from?

Answer 20

Third generation cephalosporin

Question 21

What generation is cefaclor from?

Answer 21

Second generation cephalosporin

Question 22

Which three antibiotic classes, inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 22

Tetracycline , macrolides, and aminoglycosides

Question 23

How do tetracycline inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 23

They attach to the ribosomes 50S and inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria

Question 24

How do macrolides inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 24

They prevent the continuation of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S sub unit of bacterial ribosomes

Question 25

How do aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 25

They have an affinity for the bacterial 30 S ribosome subunit where it interrupts the initial steps required for peptides synthesis, which causes the misreading of messenger RNA

Question 26

Which class of antibiotics is used to treat chlamydia and mycoplasma?

Answer 26

Tetracyclines

Question 27

How is doxycycline dose differently than tetracycline

Answer 27

Doxy has a longer half-life of 18 to 22 hours so it can be dosed once daily due to its long half-life and touch or cycling is half-life is 6 to 10 hours

Question 28

Is tetracycline, a broad spectrum or a narrow antibiotic?

Answer 28

Is a broad spectrum antibiotic

Question 29

Why is doxycycline better to use in children than tetracycline

Answer 29

It can be dosed less frequently, and it binds to calcium which tetracycline does not so it can cause tooth, discoloration, and bone demineralization

Question 30

What are the glycocyclines used for?

Answer 30

They are the first analogues to be approved and they are used to treat a broader spectrum of infections And are designed to overcome tetracycline resistance

Question 31

What medication is used to treat rocky mountain spotted fever and lymes disease prophylaxis

Answer 31

Doxycycline

Question 32

What are the adverse effects of tetracycline?

Answer 32

G.I. upset effects on bone and teeth super infection hepatotoxicity renal toxicity photosensitivity and CNS effects

Question 33

Which tetracycline has a black box warning

Answer 33

Tigecycline

Question 34

What substances can decrease the absorption of tetracycline

Answer 34

Minerals, antacids, dairy products, calcium

Question 35

What medications do tetracycline increase the effects of

Answer 35

Anticoagulants digoxin, and isotrentinoin

Question 36

What medications do tetracycline decrease the effects of

Answer 36

Insulin, oral, contraceptives and penicillin

Question 37

What drugs decrease the action of tetracycline

Answer 37

Barbiturates carbamazepine, and hydantoins

Question 38

What pregnancy category is tetracycline

Answer 38

Category D it has fetal toxicity and should not be used in children less than eight years old

Question 39

Are macrolides bacteriastatic or baterciacidal

Answer 39

They are bacteriastatic at low doses and bacteriacidal at high doses

Question 40

Why are macrolides like azithromycin sometimes better to treat chlamydia than doxycycline

Answer 40

One dose of a macrolide is a equivalent to seven day course of doxycycline

Question 41

What is the first line of treatment for atypical pneumonia and mycobacterium avium complex?

Answer 41

The macrolide azithromycin

Question 42

What are the most common adverse effects of erythromyosin?

Answer 42

G.I. super infection QT prolongation hearing loss and hepatoxicity

Question 43

What drugs did the macrolides erythromycin and clarithromyosin increase the effects of?

Answer 43

Statins procainamide warfarin, benzos, buspirone, carbamazepine, cyclosporine, digoxin, and Theophyline

Question 44

What drugs inhibit erythromycin metabolism

Answer 44

Verapamil diltiazem HIV Protease inhibitors azole antifungal drugs and nefazodone

Question 45

Do you want to start your patient on a macrolide but she is currently taking at least five other drugs on a routine basis which macrolide would be the least likely to cause drug interactions

Answer 45

Azithromycin

Question 46

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?

Answer 46

Binds reversibly to the 50 S sub unit on the ribosomes

Question 47

What type of antibiotics are most frequently prescribed by intramuscular or IV injection for serious infections caused by aerobic gram-negative infections

Answer 47

Amino glycosides, like gentamicin myosin, Tobramyosin and amikacin

Question 48

What is the mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

Answer 48

They bind to the 30 S ribosomal sub unit and cosmic reading of the genetic code and inhibition of translocation

Question 49

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides treat?

Answer 49

They are usually bactericidal against aerobic gram-negative bacilli

Question 50

What is prolonged post antibiotic effect?

Answer 50

Persistent suppression of bacterial growth that occurs after the drug has been removed in vitro or cleared by drug metabolism and excretion in vivo

Question 51

Which drug class has PAE effects

Answer 51

Aminoglycosides

Question 52

Which drug class are poorly absorbed across the gut membrane and must be given parentally

Answer 52

Aminoglycosides

Question 53

How are aminoglycosides excreted from the body?

Answer 53

99% of the administer dose is eliminated in urine by glomerular filtration and the half-life is one and a half to 3 1/2 hours

Question 54

What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides?

Answer 54

Nephrotoxicity auto toxicity muscular blockade, like myasthenia gravis and drug induced renal failure

Question 55

Are aminoglycosides considered broad spectrum or narrow spectrum

Answer 55

Broad spectrum

Question 56

What are the amino glycosides more effective and an aerobic or an anaerobic environment?

Answer 56

aerobic environment

Question 57

What generation is keflex (cephalexin) and what does it treat

Answer 57

Gram positive first generation

Question 58

What generation is cefaclor and what organisms and infections does it treat

Answer 58

Second generation of gram negative. Treats sinusitis, otitis, and URI

Question 59

What are third generation and what for they treat

Answer 59

Gram negative organisms, cephtriaxone or rocephin is one.

Question 60

What generation is cefepime and what does it treat

Answer 60

Fourth generation it is more resistant to betalactamase and it is used to treat pseudomonas aeriginosa

Question 62

How do bacteria become resistant to tetracycline, macrolides, and clindamycin?

Answer 62

Efflux pump or mutation of ribosome

Question 63

Which antibiotic is used for severe anaerobic infection

Answer 63

Clindamyocin in combo with aminoglycosides

Question 64

What is the major side effect of clindamyocin?

Answer 64

C DIFF

Question 65

What are amino-glycosides two most serious side effect?

Answer 65

Meds like gentomoycin can cause ototoxicity and renal toxicity