Antimicorbial Pt 1

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the US?

Answer 1

Community acquired pneumonia

Question 2

What type of infection is inappropriate for most antibiotic uses?

Answer 2

Upper respiratory illnesses

Question 3

What are the four organism factors leading to infection?

Answer 3

Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasite

Question 4

What are the factors affecting the transmission of the organism?

Answer 4

Contact whether it’s in food, water or airborne, vertical or reservoir

Question 5

How are bacteria classified?

Answer 5

By their morphology, meaning their shape color, Gram stain and metabolism

Question 6

What are the shapes and arrangements of cocci

Answer 6

Round cells that exist, singly, in pairs, or in groups of four and chains clusters or cubes

Question 7

What is bacilli shape and arrangement?

Answer 7

Rod shaped and can occur, singly, in pairs, or in chains

Question 8

What is the shape and arrangement of spirilla?

Answer 8

They are curved bacteria shaped like a spiral

Question 9

How are Gram positive bacteria seen on a stain

Answer 9

The walls of Gram positive bacteria have more peptoglycans than gram-negative so they retain the violet colored die when treated

Question 10

How are gram-negative bacteria seen on a Gram stain?

Answer 10

Graham negative bacteria has thinner walls that allows the violet die to escape when washed with alcohol and the cell counterstain with a light red dye

Question 11

Which bacterial species cannot be visualized by Gram stain because they lack a cell wall?

Answer 11

Mycoplasma

Question 12

Which bacterial species cannot be seen on a gram stain because they do not retain the stain

Answer 12

Chlamydia

Question 13

What are the common gram-positive violet stained bacteria?

Answer 13

Staphylococci streptococci and enterococci cornybacterium listeria, clostridium, and lactobacillus

Question 14

What are the common gram-negative bacteria that stain pink?

Answer 14

Neisseria, moraxella, E. coli, Kendall’s, pseudomonas, salmonella, and vibrio

Question 15

Define aerobic bacteria

Answer 15

Uses oxygen for cellular, respiration to generate energy for growth and metabolism

Question 16

What are examples of formulative bacteria?

Answer 16

Vibrionaceae, enterovacteriacae, and pasteurellacaceae

Question 17

Which type of bacteria are most likely to caused an abscess

Answer 17

Anaerobic

Question 18

Define anaerobic bacteria

Answer 18

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen their metabolism is fermentative type, and anaerobic infections tend to occur as localized collections of pus or abscesses

Question 19

Define facultative bacteria

Answer 19

Bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic they are very versatile and prefer to utilize oxygen, but they can also metabolize in the absence of oxygen

Question 20

What is antimicrobial susceptibility testing or AST?

Answer 20

It measures the ability of a specific organism to grow in the presence of a particular drug

Question 21

What is the most common organism that causes otitis media?

Answer 21

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 22

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration or MIC?

Answer 22

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism and is interpreted by a lab as susceptible resistant or intermediate

Question 23

What does bacteriostatic mean?

Answer 23

Prevent the growth of bacteria and can be bactericidal at higher doses

Question 24

What does bactericidal mean?

Answer 24

It kills the bacteria and is concentration and time dependent

Question 25

What are broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 25

Tetracycline aminoglycosides second and third generation cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and azithromycin

Question 26

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 26

Erythromycin, fidaxomicin, Clindamyosin, vancomycin, and sarecycline

Question 27

Which class of antibiotics are less likely to cause a super infection

Answer 27

Narrow spectrum antibiotics because they do not kill the normal body flora

Question 28

What is the most common organism that causes gastritis?

Answer 28

H pylori

Question 29

What is the difference in bacteriacidal and bacteriastatic?

Answer 29

Bactericidal kills bacteria and eradicates infection and bacteria static inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 30

Beta-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and eventually lyse the bacterial cell wall are these drugs, bacteriastatic or bacteriacidal

Answer 30

Bacteriacidal because once the cell wall is lysed the bacteria cannot survive

Question 31

Tetracyclines target bacteria ribosomes they inhibit bacterial proteins synthesis before bacteria can even attempt a cell division. Are these drugs, bacterial static or bactericidal

Answer 31

Bacteria static the bacteria can still use the proteins they have, but they cannot replicate because they cannot make new proteins

Question 32

What is an example of a natural or intrinsic resistance?

Answer 32

E. coli cell wall spores are too small for vancomyosin

Question 33

What is acquired antibiotic resistance?

Answer 33

Resistance through spontaneous mutation, which is vertical transmission or by acquisition of genetic material from other bacteria, which is horizontal transmission

Question 34

What is plasmid mediated resistance?

Answer 34

Bacteria that can pass along the resistance, vertically or horizontally

Question 35

What are the four mechanisms of resistance?

Answer 35

Cell wall changes, drug inactivation, alteration of drug target molecules, efflux pump

Question 36

What is an example of a bacteria that has developed an efflux pump?

Answer 36

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 37

When choosing an appropriate antimicrobial agent for therapy of an infection, which factors should be considered?

Answer 37

The identity of the organism, susceptibility, or likelihood of susceptibility of the organism, and a series of patient factor should be known

Question 38

Which identification method to determine the presence of bacterial and some fungal pathogens is considered the simplest and least expensive?

Answer 38

Gram stain preparation

Question 39

What color is gram positive bacteria on gram stain

Answer 39

Purple

Question 40

What color are gram negative on gram stain

Answer 40

Red stain

Question 41

Which bacteria looks like grapes?

Answer 41

Cocci

Question 42

What are the shape of diplococcus and which bacteria is it?

Answer 42

Double sphere and it is strep pneumonia

Question 43

Which bacteria is rod shaped

Answer 43

Bacilli

Question 44

What are the three classes of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 44

Penicillin, cephalosporins, and carbapems