Anthrax, Tetanus, Botulism

Question 1

what are the forms of anthrax?

Answer 1

peracute
acute/subacute
chronic

Question 2

who is the peracute form of anthrax common in?

Answer 2

goats
sheep
cattle

Question 3

who is the acute/subacute form of anthrax common in?

Answer 3

horses
cattle
sheep

Question 4

who is the chronic form of anthrax common in?

Answer 4

swine
carnivores: dogs and cats

Question 5

what lesions does the anthrax toxin lead to?

Answer 5

hemorrhage
necrosis
edema
inflammation
extracellular rods

Question 6

what is transmissible with Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 6

spores

Question 7

what are the sources of Bacillus anthracis spores?

Answer 7

environment
animal products

Question 8

how is anthrax controlled?

Answer 8

avoid
report
disinfect
incinerate
vaccinate

Question 9

how should you diagnose anthrax?

Answer 9

blood smear: encapsulated rod-shaped bacilli

Question 10

why is Bacillus anthracis so toxic?

Answer 10

vascular damage
virulence factors: capsule and toxin

Question 11

what is special about the Bacillus anthracis capsule?

Answer 11

Poly-y-D-glutamic acid (PGA) inhibits phagocytosis

Question 12

what do the Bacillus anthracis toxins do?

Answer 12

impair signaling, innate immune cells, and cause vascular damage

Question 13

what are the anthrax toxins?

Answer 13

protective antigen (PA)
edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF)

Question 14

spores are phagocytosed by macrophages, transform to _____________________ and ____________________, kill cells, and grow extracellularly

Answer 14

vegetative bacilli
produce toxins

Question 15

what is the causative agent of botulism?

Answer 15

Clostridium botulinum

Question 16

what is the effect of the botulinum toxin on the muscle?

Answer 16

unable to contract

Question 17

what type of paralysis does botulinum toxin cause?

Answer 17

flaccid paralysis

Question 18

what is the name of botulism in birds?

Answer 18

limberneck in fowl

Question 19

species susceptibility in botulism is linked to _______________________

Answer 19

receptor expression

Question 20

what does tetanus block?

Answer 20

release of chemical signals from inhibitory neurons

Question 21

what type of paralysis does tetanus cause?

Answer 21

spastic paralysis
too much muscle contraction

Question 22

who is exquisitely sensitive to tetanus?

Answer 22

horses

Question 23

where is anthrax endemic?

Answer 23

africa

Question 24

who does anthrax primarily affect?

Answer 24

ruminants

Question 25

is the vegetative state of Bacillus genus infectious?

Answer 25

no: make toxin oxygen makes spores which are transmissible

Question 26

do most Bacillus spp cause disease?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what signs are associated with the acute/subacute form of Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 27

fever depression respiratory signs incoordination convulsions death

Question 28

what signs are associated with the chronic form of Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 28

pharyngeal and laryngeal edema intestinal

Question 29

what signs are associated with ingestion of Bacillus anthracis in horses?

Answer 29

fever anorexia colic bloody diarrhea or other discharge neck swelling dyspnea asphyxiation

Question 30

what signs are associated with insect bite subacute/acute anthrax in horses?

Answer 30

hot, painful swelling at site horse flies

Question 31

what areas are affected by chronic anthrax in swine and carnivores?

Answer 31

neck pharynx larynx gastrointestinal tract

Question 32

what can be seen in chronic anthrax?

Answer 32

necrosis hemorrhage edema fever anorexia

Question 33

why should you not open a dead cow before testing for Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 33

vegetative bacilli exposed to oxygen: triggers sporulation environmental contamination

Question 34

what are some signs of endothelial damage due to Bacillus anthracis toxin?

Answer 34

hemorrhages and leaky blood vessels vascular collapse, shock, and death

Question 35

what does the Bacillus anthracis capsule allow?

Answer 35

extracellular proliferation

Question 36

what does the PXO1 plasmid of Bacillus anthracis encode?

Answer 36

protective antigen: PA lethal factor: LF edema factor: EF

Question 37

what does protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis do?

Answer 37

binds receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

Question 38

low pH changes ______________ shape to a pore that shuttle ___________________________ into the cytoplasm for Bacillus anthracis

Answer 38

protective antigen lethal factor and edema factor

Question 39

what are the disruptive functions of protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor of Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 39

inhibit phagocytosis inhibit innate immunity contribute to vascular damage

Question 40

what are the general characteristics of Clostridium sp?

Answer 40

anaerobes gram positive rods vegetative cells in vivo spores in the environment toxin producing can affect both humans and animals

Question 41

when does Clostridium botulinum produce botulism neurotoxin?

Answer 41

anaerobic conditions

Question 42

what happens when vertebrates eat pre-formed botulism neurotoxin?

Answer 42

flaccid paralysis

Question 43

does the botulism neurotoxin have an effect on invertebrates?

Answer 43

no

Question 44

how many serotypes of Clostridium botulinum are there?

Answer 44

8

Question 45

what is the path of botulinum toxin?

Answer 45

binds to autonomic neurons and neuromuscular junctions travel to CNS transcytosis from axon by inhibitory neurons blocks acetylcholine receptors and prevents release of acetylcholine

Question 46

what do the A-B do in botulinum exotoxin?

Answer 46

B: binds to host cell receptor and trigger endocytosis A: enzyme activity disrupts intracellular proteins

Question 47

what happens if a cell lacks the receptor for the B subunits of botulinum toxin?

Answer 47

not vulnerable to toxin species susceptibility linked to receptor expression

Question 48

how susceptible are horses to botulinum toxin?

Answer 48

extremely

Question 49

what is the mortality rate of tetanus toxin in neonates?

Answer 49

80-90% even when treated

Question 50

who are the three most susceptible to Clostridium tetani/tetanus toxin?

Answer 50

horses most lambs humans

Question 51

what is the path of tetanus toxin?

Answer 51

binds to peripheral neurons innervating muscle travels to CNS by retrograde axon transport transcytosis from axon to inhibitory neurons blocks release of chemical signals from inhibitory neuronss

Question 52

how do animals get exposed to Clostridium tetani?

Answer 52

spores in soil wound: metal puncture, docking, castration

Question 53

what is the incubation period of Clostridium tetani?

Answer 53

10-14 days