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Viral Respiratory Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

who is feline rhinotracheitis common in?

A

cats less than a year old

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2
Q

what signs are associated with feline rhinotracheitis acute onset?

A

sneezing/coughing
profuse serous nasal and ocular discharges, conjunctivitis, keratitis
frothy salivation
dyspnea
anorexia
weight loss
fever

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3
Q

what are the four forms of feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

acute
chronic
systemic
latent

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4
Q

when are herpesviridae well transmitted?

A

to young
in high density animal situations with droplet spread is facilitated

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5
Q

most _____________ grow rapidly, lyse infected cells, and establish latent infections primarily in sensory ganglia

A

alphaherpesviruses

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6
Q

most _____________ replicate slowly and have delayed cell lysis

A

betaherpesvirinae

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7
Q

most _____________ are lymphotropic, and become latent in lymphocytes

A

gammaherpesviridae

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8
Q

what characterizes herpesviridae genomes?

A

large and diverse

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9
Q

are herpesviridae enveloped?

A

yes

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10
Q

what are the initial signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

fever, depression, inappetence, profuse nasal discharge
serous then mucopurulent
subclinical, mild, severe

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11
Q

what are some of the later signs of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

dyspnea
mouth breathing
salivation
deep bronchial cough

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12
Q

what are lesions associated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

hyperemic nasal mucosa and nasal cavity lesions
conjunctivitis with profuse lacrimation

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13
Q

who is infectious pustular vulvovaginitis most common in?

A

dairy cows

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14
Q

what does infectious bovine rhinotracheitis contribute to?

A

bovine respiratory disease complex

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15
Q

what are the clinical signs of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis?

A

fever
depression
anorexia
stand apart
tail held away from vulva

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16
Q

what does bovine herpes virus-1 cause?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
rarely at same time

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17
Q

what is bovine herpesvirus-1 implicated in?

A

abortion
balanoposthitis in bulls
conjunctivitis
ADR in calves- death
disease in swine and horses

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18
Q

how is bovine herpesvirus-1 transmitted?

A

sciatic and trigeminal ganglia are sites of latency
droplet respiratory transmission
coitus

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19
Q

what can cause “abortion storms” without any other clinical signs?

A

caprine herpesvirus-1

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20
Q

what causes fatal generalized hemorrhagic infection in pups?

A

canine herpes

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21
Q

how does canine herpes manifest in puppies?

A

systemic infection of epithelial and endothelial cells
lung, liver, and kidney necrosis with hemorrhage
painful crying, abdominal pain, anorexia, and dyspnea

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22
Q

how does canine herpes manifest in adults dogs?

A

genital (venereal) disease
respiratory disease (can be part of kennel cough)

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23
Q

how is canine herpes transmitted?

A

to pup from vaginal birth canal
oronasally from other animals
crosses placenta

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24
Q

how do we control canine herpes?

A

adults are disease reservoir
vaccinate breeding animals
isolate affected bitches and litters
does not survive long in environment
raise body temperature if hypothermic

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25
what is the most important viral cause of equine abortion?
equine herpesvirus-1
26
what does primary infection of a pregnant mare by equine herpesvirus-1 cause?
abortion mare not seriously ill
27
how does equine herpesvirus-1 infect the CNS?
infected lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages carry virus to CNS where it infects endothelial cells
28
how are focal lesions from equine herpesvirus-1 identified?
discrete, randomly distributed areas of hemorrhage within the brain and/or spinal cord of affected horses
29
what are the clinical signs of equine herpesvirus-4?
mainly respiratory fever anorexia profuse serous nasal discharge that later becomes mucopurulent
30
how are equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 transmitted?
genital and respiratory secretions, droplet transmission
31
how are equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 diagnosed?
indirect through pathology of aborted fetus immunoflourscence/immunohistochemical staining of tissues fetal lung, thymus, spleen rising titers in affected mare
32
what lesions does equine coital exanthema cause?
acute pustular and ulcerative lesions on vaginal, vestibular, and perineal areas, penis and prepuce, sometimes teats, lips, upper respiratory
33
can equine herpesvirus-3 (equine coital exanthema) cause respiratory signs?
subclinical in yearling horses
34
what does infectious laryngotracheitis cause?
conjunctivitis dyspnea bloody expectorant hemorrhage, blood, mucous in trachea death
35
who does infectious laryngotracheitis impact?
chickens and pheasants
36
how are caliciviruses released?
cell lysis
37
what makes caliciviridae resistant to inactivation by standard detergent-based disinfectants?
lack of a lipid envelope
38
what type of genome do influenza viruses have?
segmented genome
39
what are the types of influenza?
A: most important for veterinary medicine B C D (E)
40
what are the important surface glycoproteins of influenza viruses?
hemagglutinin (H or HA) neuraminidase (N or NA)
41
how do influenza viruses enter cells?
hemagglutinin virus attachment and fusion to certain carbohydrate linkages sialic acid-galactose residues
42
what is influenza reassortment?
genomic segments from different virus subtypes mix together to form new combinations
43
which equine influenza is most prevalent?
H3N8 used to be H7N7
44
what strains of virus are most prevalent in canine influenza?
Type A, strains H3N8 and H3N2
45
what genomes do orthomyxoviridae have?
segmented genomes
46
what is the dominant member of orthomyxoviridae?
influenza
47
what does bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause?
often subclinical can cause outbreaks of fever, respiratory disease, and pneumonia (especially in young or recently weaned) contributes to bovine respiratory disease complex
48
what is the genome of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
ssRNA negative sense
49
how is bovine respiratory syncytial virus transmitted?
aerosol direct contact
50
what is the main cell target of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
ciliated respiratory epithelial cells
51
are paramyxoviridae well controlled by vaccination?
yes
52
why is bovine parainfluenza (PI3) important?
predisposing factor for bovine respiratory disease complex might cause clinical disease in practice
53
is bovine parainfluenza virus 3 enveloped?
yes
54
how is bovine parainfluenza virus 3 transmitted?
aerosol direct contact
55
has Newcastle Disease been zoonotic?
yes
56
who does Newcastle Disease impact?
all birds
57
what causes Newcastle Disease?
avian paramyxovirus type I
58
how is Newcastle Disease transmitted?
all excretions/secretions: shed for 4 weeks introduced by shedding birds, fomites contact, ingestion, inhalation
59
what are the disease sequelae to feline viral rhinotracheitis?
secondary bacterial infections ulcerated surfaces heal together resulting in fusions nasal turbinate destruction adult cats become anorexic (hepatic lipidosis)
60
what inclusion bodies can be seen with feline rhinotracheitis?
intranuclear inclusions
61
what does vaccination for bovine herpesvirus-1 achieve?
reduce incidence and severity does not prevent infection
62
what happens if fetuses get infected with canine herpes after it crosses the placenta?
abortion stillbirth may see mummies
63
what cells does equine herpesvirus-1 target?
endothelial cells
64
what are the preferred samples for diagnosis of equine rhinotracheitis/rhinopneumonitis from a fetus?
fetal lung, thymus, spleen
65
is equine coital exanthema associated with abortion or infertility?
no
66
what can severe cases of feline viral rhinotracheitis have?
ulcerate cornea
67
do oral and lingual ulcerations occur in feline viral rhinotracheitis?
less commonly than calicivirus
68
what does epithelial infection of feline viral rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus-1) result in?
cell degeneration and cell death
69
what cells are less important in the acute form of feline viral rhinotracheitis but are also infected?
lymphocytes neuronal cells
70
what is common in chronic feline viral rhinotracheitis?
corneal stromal keratitis chronic keratoconjunctivitis dermatitis
71
what differentiates chronic feline viral rhinotracheitis?
signs wax and wane but do not resolve viral transcripts can be detected immune responses to viral antigens may contribute to disease
72
what can feline herpesvirus-1 cause in extreme cases with young kittens?
bronchopneumonia
73
do herpesviruses survive well in the environment?
no
74
some ______________ are linked to oncogenic transformation of lymphocytes
gammaherpesvirinae
75
how long does uncomplicated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis take to resolve?
5-10 days
76
how long does infectious pustular vulvovaginitis take to progress through the acute stage and resolve?
4-5 days 10-14 days
77
why is canine herpes able to infect pups so well with regards to their temperature?
hypothalamic thermoregulatory center not fully operative until 4 weeks old likes 33 degrees C
78
what characterizes death of the fetus with equine herpes virus 1?
late term not autolyzed liver, lung, spleen necrotic foci
79
what are the clinical signs of viral systemic feline calicivirus?
oral/respiratory lesions severe systemic illness with lungs, liver, pancreas, and vessels affected
80
what are some other presentations for feline calicivirus?
limping disease/stiff gait enteritis
81
what is the genome of feline calicivirus?
+ssRNA
82
is feline calicivirus enveloped?
no
83
where does feline calicivirus replicate?
cytoplasm
84
in what cells is caliciviridae virus replication enhanced?
deficient in STAT1 and interferon receptor genes
85
what is the shape of caliciviridae?
icosahedral
86
how can infectious laryngotracheitis be introduced?
carriers fomites vaccinated birds
87
how is infectious laryngotracheitis transmitted?
inhalation ingestion conjunctival inoculation
88
what is the genome of influenza viruses?
-ssRNA segmented genome
89
what does neuraminidase do?
viral exit: cleaves receptors to promote viral exit
90
what does hemaglutinin do?
viral entry: attachment and fusion, sialic acid-galactose residues often host specific
91
is canine influenza a common vaccine?
H3N8 and H3N2 exists but not routinely recommended
92
what genome is the bovine respiratory syncytial virus?
-ssRNA
93
what is the main cell target for respiratory syncytial virus?
ciliated respiratory epithelial cells
94
what are the receptors for the henipaviruses (hendra and nipah)?
ephrin B2 and B3
95
what is essential for infectivity of paramyxoviridae?
cleavage of F0 protein
96
what is the genome of bovine parainfluenza virus 3?
-ssRNA
97
what types of inclusions can be seen with bovine parainfluenza virus 3?
intracytoplasmic and intranuclear
98
what are the two forms of concern of newcastle disease?
viscerotropic velogenic newcastle disease virus mesogenic newcastle disease virus
99
what is the genome of newcastle disease virus?
-ssRNA
100
in whom would you expect to see systemic disease with feline herpesvirus-1?
kittens <4 weeks with insufficient passive transfer, congenital immune defects immune compromised adults with other viral infections, immune suppressive medications geriatric cats with aging immune systems
101
which ganglia does feline viral rhinotracheitis go latent in?
trigeminal ganglia
102
what are the two equine herpes viruses that we focus on and what does each cause?
EHV-1: neural disease, abortion EHV-4: respiratory disease
103
what does equine herpes virus 3 cause?
equine coital exanthema
104
does bovine respiratory syncytial virus cause intranuclear inclusions?
no only syncytia
105
what is more apparent in paramyxoviridae that is worrisome from a global health point of view?
periodically cross over to other species

Veterinary Infectious Diseases (29 decks)

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