anti-infectives Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
father of antiseptic surgery
used carbolic acid to wash hands and to spray on incision sites
A
Joseph Lister
2
Q
other name for carbolic acid
A
phenol
3
Q
theorize “selective toxicity”
A
Paul Ehrlich
3
Q
salvarsan other names
A
- compound 606
- magic bullets
4
Q
anti-infective agents that are used locally
A
germicides
5
Q
application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
A
antisepsis
6
Q
destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms
A
decontamination
7
Q
chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not the spores, in or on inanimate surfaces
A
disinfection
8
Q
reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes
A
sanitation
9
Q
process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival
A
sterilization
10
Q
process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65–100°C
A
pasteurization
11
Q
applied to living tissues; can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic
A
antiseptics
12
Q
kills bacteria
A
bactericidal
13
Q
prevents growth of bacteria
A
bacteriostatic
14
Q
alcohol and related compounds MOA as anti-infectives
A
protein precipitation
coagulation and denaturation
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol but considered more potent than some primary alcohols
A
true
16
Q
other names for methyl alcohol
A
- methanol
- carbinol
- wood alcohol
17
Q
other names for ethyl alcohol
A
- ethanol
- rectified spirit
- wine spirit
- spiritus vini rectificatus
18
Q
2 methods of preparation of ethyl alcohol
A
- fermentation of product grain
- synthetically prepared by sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
19
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
ethyl alcohol is ineffective against spores
A
true
20
Q
a discontinued vintage medicine or tincture prepared by dissolving extracts from the opium poppy in ethanol
A
laudanum
21
Q
drug for chronic alcoholism
worsens hangover
A
disulfiram
22
Q
inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; an antidote for methanol poisoning
A
fomepizole
23
Q
lessens the effect of hangover
A
thiamine (vit b1)
24
# TRUE OR FALSE
completely denaturated alcohol is **not for human consumption**
true
25
with wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene
completely denatured alcohol
26
isopropyl rubbing alcohol contains what percent of alcohol?
68-72%
27
prepared commercially by the sulfuric acid-catalyzed **hydration of propylene**
isopropyl alcohol
28
Isopropyl Alcohol, USP
azeotropic
29
used in **gauze pads for sterilization** of the skin prior to hypodermic injections
azeotropic
30
"absolute ethanol"
dehydrated ethanol
31
contains not less than 99% w/w of ethyl alcohol -- prepared through **azeotropic distillation of ethanol and benzene**
dehydrated ethanol
32
mixture of alcohol and water containing 41-42% by weight
diluted alcohol
33
1,2,3-propanetriol
glycerin (glycerol)
34
the **first polyhydric alcohol** that can yield both an aldose and a ketose
glycerin (glycerol)
35
gas sterilant -- used for **temperature-sensitive** medical equipment
ethylene oxide
36
forms an **explosive mixture** in the air in concentrations ranging from 3 to 80%
ethylene oxide
37
10% ethylene oxide + 90% carbon dioxide
carboxide
38
a formaldehyde solution
aldehyde
39
other names for formaldehyde
* formol
* formalin
* methanal
40
irritating to mucous membranes and causes **hardening of the skin**, used to disinfect rooms, clothing, and surgical instruments
formaldehye
41
formaldehyde MOA as an anti-infective agent
direct nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups to form carbinol derivatives
42
glutaraldehyde other names
* glutarol
* pentanedial
43
a disinfectant that is **superior to formaldehyde**, microbicidal activity against all microorganisms including spores and viruses
glutaraldehyde
44
used in solutions for **sterilization** of equipment and instruments that **cannot be autoclaved**
glutaraldehyde
45
2 components of glutaraldehyde
* glutaraldehyde
* buffer
46
mixed with 4% glycerin, used to **cauterize small wounds**
phenol
47
concentration of phenol that is used as antipruritic in phenolated calamine lotion
0.1 to 1% concentration
48
phenol that contains 10% water
liquified phenol
49
concentration of p-chloro-m-xylenol that is used as shampoo
2% concentration
49
a nonirritating antiseptic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties
p-chloro-m-xylenol
50
for the treatment of tinea (ringworm) infections such as athlete’s foot and jock itch
p-chloro-m-xylenol
51
used as **antiseptic in low concentrations**, very effective against gram-positive
hexachlorophene
52
obtained from coal tar or petrolatum by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, acidification, and fractional distillation
cresol
53
4-chloro-3-methyl phenol -- used as preservative
chlorocresol
54
isopropyl m-cresol
thymol
55
has fungicidal properties and is used in alcoholic solutions or dusting powders for treatment of **tinea infections**
thymol
56
m-dihydroxybenzene
resorcinol
57
used as a weak antiseptic, keratolytic
resorcinol
58
Hexyresorcinol, USP
4-hexylresorcinol
59
used as antiseptic and mild anesthetic (as **throat lozenges**), bactericidal and fungicidal, and surfactant
hexyresorcinol
60
4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol
eugenol
61
local anesthetic effect but used also as antiseptic in mouthwashes, dental analgesic
eugenol
62
a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide
carbamide peroxide
63
inactivates protein by **iodination and oxidation**
halogen containing compounds
64
triiodomethane
iodoform
65
elemental iodine -- used as tincture and a liniment
iodophors
66
2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide
iodine tincture
67
5% iodine in water with potassium iodide
strong iodine solution
| aka **lugol's solution**
68
2% iodine in water with sodium iodide
iodine solution
69
admixed to increase the solubility of the iodine and to reduce its volatility
iodine salt
70
a complex with the non-ionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)
povidone-iodine, USP
71
used in active germicidal species -- formed when chlorine is dissolved in water
hypochlorous acid
72
this led to the development and use of the first inorganic hypochlorite salts such as NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2
hypochlorous acid
73
# TRUE OR FALSE
N-chloro derivatives are **anti-infectives**
false
| they are disinfectants
74
ip-dichlorosulfamoylbenzoic acid used in **disinfecting drinking water**
halazone
75
n-n-dichloroazodicarbonamidine
chloroazodin
76
solution used as a wound dressing
glyceryltriacetate
77
**release hypochlorous acid (HClO)** in solution and has rapid bactericidal action against microorganisms
oxychlorosene sodium
78
marketed as a **powder for reconstitution** into a solution
oxychlorosene sodium
79
a chemical that lowers surface tension
surfactant
80
surfactants that causes cell wall lysis
cationic surfactants
81
exert a bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of gram (+) and (-) bacteria provide a keratolytic action and have relatively good tissue penetration
cationic surfactants
82
alkylbenzyldimethylammonium
chloride
benzalkonium chloride
83
to control **diaper rash** in infants caused by *C. albicans* (produces ammonia)
methylbenzethonium chloride
84
1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride
cetylpyridinium chloride
85
the most active of a series of alkyl pyridinium derivatives
cetylpyridinium chloride
86
chlorhexidine gluconate (hibiclens)
chlorhexidine
87
the most effective of a series of antibacterial biguanides originally **developed in great britain**
chlorhexidine
88
cationic surfactants (dyes)
* triphenylmethane dyes
* thiazine dyes
89
examples of triphenylmethane dyes
* gentian violet
* basic fuchsin
90
example of thiazine dyes
methylene blue
91
active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi
cationic dyes
92
a green powder or green flakes with metallic sheen
gentian violet
93
a mixture of the chlorides of rosaniline and p-rosaniline
basic fuchsin
94
green crystalline powder with a metallic appearance
basic fuchsin
95
other name for carbol-fuchsin solution
castellani's paint
96
bacteriostatic, colors the urine and stool blue-green
methylene blue
97
used for localized infections and syphilis
elemental mercury
98
treats inflammation resulting from infection of the eye
| irritating and can cause hypersensitivity reactions
mercuric oxide
99
its sodium salt probably has the **”inner salt”** structure in which the inner shell electrons of mercury are occupied
nitromersol
100
weakly bacteriostatic antiseptic -- **applied topically as ointments** or aqueous solutions
thiomerosal
101
prevent microbial contamination
preservatives
102
they possess antifungal properties -- rapidly hydrolyze in-vivo to p-hydroxybenzoic acid
p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
103
more effective against molds
methyl ester
104
more effective against yeasts
propyl ester
105
methylparaben
methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
106
propylparaben
propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
107
ethylparaben
ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
108
butyl p-hydroxybenzoate
butylparaben
109
used as a bacteriostatic agent in pharmaceuticals for **injection and ophthalmic use**
chlorobutanol
110
other names for benzyl alcohol
1. phenylcarbinol
2. phenylmethanol
111
preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1-4% in water or saline solution
benzyl alcohol
112
other names for phenylethyl alcohol
* orange oil
* rose oil
* 2-phenyl ethanol
113
used primarily in perfumery
phenylethyl alcohol
114
occurs naturally in gum benzoin and in peru and tolu balsams -- more effective as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical products
benzoic acid
115
used as a preservative in acidic liquid preparations in which benzoic acid is released
sodium benzoate
116
effective antifungal agent that is used as preservative -- most effective at **low pH**
sodium propionate
117
used in concentrations of 1:10,000 to 1:50,000 to preserve injectables against bacterial contamination
phenylmercuric nitrate
118
its bacteriostatic effectiveness is reduced in the presence of serum
phenylmercuric nitrate
119
defined as the ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of the bacterium *Salmonella typh*
phenol coefficient
