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anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

father of antiseptic surgery

used carbolic acid to wash hands and to spray on incision sites

A

Joseph Lister

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2
Q

other name for carbolic acid

A

phenol

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3
Q

theorize “selective toxicity”

A

Paul Ehrlich

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3
Q

salvarsan other names

A
  • compound 606
  • magic bullets
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4
Q

anti-infective agents that are used locally

A

germicides

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5
Q

application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection

A

antisepsis

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6
Q

destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms

A

decontamination

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7
Q

chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not the spores, in or on inanimate surfaces

A

disinfection

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8
Q

reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes

A

sanitation

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9
Q

process intended to kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival

A

sterilization

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10
Q

process that kills nonsporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65–100°C

A

pasteurization

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11
Q

applied to living tissues; can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

antiseptics

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12
Q

kills bacteria

A

bactericidal

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13
Q

prevents growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatic

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14
Q

alcohol and related compounds MOA as anti-infectives

A

protein precipitation

coagulation and denaturation

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

isopropyl alcohol is a secondary alcohol but considered more potent than some primary alcohols

A

true

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16
Q

other names for methyl alcohol

A
  • methanol
  • carbinol
  • wood alcohol
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17
Q

other names for ethyl alcohol

A
  • ethanol
  • rectified spirit
  • wine spirit
  • spiritus vini rectificatus
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18
Q

2 methods of preparation of ethyl alcohol

A
  1. fermentation of product grain
  2. synthetically prepared by sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ethyl alcohol is ineffective against spores

A

true

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20
Q

a discontinued vintage medicine or tincture prepared by dissolving extracts from the opium poppy in ethanol

A

laudanum

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21
Q

drug for chronic alcoholism

worsens hangover

A

disulfiram

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22
Q

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; an antidote for methanol poisoning

A

fomepizole

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23
Q

lessens the effect of hangover

A

thiamine (vit b1)

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

completely denaturated alcohol is not for human consumption

A

true

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25
Q

with wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene

A

completely denatured alcohol

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26
Q

isopropyl rubbing alcohol contains what percent of alcohol?

A

68-72%

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27
Q

prepared commercially by the sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of propylene

A

isopropyl alcohol

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28
Q

Isopropyl Alcohol, USP

A

azeotropic

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29
Q

used in gauze pads for sterilization of the skin prior to hypodermic injections

A

azeotropic

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30
Q

“absolute ethanol”

A

dehydrated ethanol

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31
Q

contains not less than 99% w/w of ethyl alcohol – prepared through azeotropic distillation of ethanol and benzene

A

dehydrated ethanol

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32
Q

mixture of alcohol and water containing 41-42% by weight

A

diluted alcohol

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33
Q

1,2,3-propanetriol

A

glycerin (glycerol)

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34
Q

the first polyhydric alcohol that can yield both an aldose and a ketose

A

glycerin (glycerol)

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35
Q

gas sterilant – used for temperature-sensitive medical equipment

A

ethylene oxide

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36
Q

forms an explosive mixture in the air in concentrations ranging from 3 to 80%

A

ethylene oxide

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37
Q

10% ethylene oxide + 90% carbon dioxide

A

carboxide

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38
Q

a formaldehyde solution

A

aldehyde

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39
Q

other names for formaldehyde

A
  • formol
  • formalin
  • methanal
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40
Q

irritating to mucous membranes and causes hardening of the skin, used to disinfect rooms, clothing, and surgical instruments

A

formaldehye

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41
Q

formaldehyde MOA as an anti-infective agent

A

direct nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups to form carbinol derivatives

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42
Q

glutaraldehyde other names

A
  • glutarol
  • pentanedial
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43
Q

a disinfectant that is superior to formaldehyde, microbicidal activity against all microorganisms including spores and viruses

A

glutaraldehyde

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44
Q

used in solutions for sterilization of equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved

A

glutaraldehyde

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45
Q

2 components of glutaraldehyde

A
  • glutaraldehyde
  • buffer
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46
Q

mixed with 4% glycerin, used to cauterize small wounds

A

phenol

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47
Q

concentration of phenol that is used as antipruritic in phenolated calamine lotion

A

0.1 to 1% concentration

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48
Q

phenol that contains 10% water

A

liquified phenol

49
Q

concentration of p-chloro-m-xylenol that is used as shampoo

A

2% concentration

49
Q

a nonirritating antiseptic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties

A

p-chloro-m-xylenol

50
Q

for the treatment of tinea (ringworm) infections such as athlete’s foot and jock itch

A

p-chloro-m-xylenol

51
Q

used as antiseptic in low concentrations, very effective against gram-positive

A

hexachlorophene

52
Q

obtained from coal tar or petrolatum by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, acidification, and fractional distillation

A

cresol

53
Q

4-chloro-3-methyl phenol – used as preservative

A

chlorocresol

54
Q

isopropyl m-cresol

A

thymol

55
Q

has fungicidal properties and is used in alcoholic solutions or dusting powders for treatment of tinea infections

A

thymol

56
Q

m-dihydroxybenzene

A

resorcinol

57
Q

used as a weak antiseptic, keratolytic

A

resorcinol

58
Q

Hexyresorcinol, USP

A

4-hexylresorcinol

59
Q

used as antiseptic and mild anesthetic (as throat lozenges), bactericidal and fungicidal, and surfactant

A

hexyresorcinol

60
Q

4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol

A

eugenol

61
Q

local anesthetic effect but used also as antiseptic in mouthwashes, dental analgesic

A

eugenol

62
Q

a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide

A

carbamide peroxide

63
Q

inactivates protein by iodination and oxidation

A

halogen containing compounds

64
Q

triiodomethane

A

iodoform

65
Q

elemental iodine – used as tincture and a liniment

A

iodophors

66
Q

2% iodine in 50% alcohol with sodium iodide

A

iodine tincture

67
Q

5% iodine in water with potassium iodide

A

strong iodine solution

aka lugol’s solution

68
Q

2% iodine in water with sodium iodide

A

iodine solution

69
Q

admixed to increase the solubility of the iodine and to reduce its volatility

A

iodine salt

70
Q

a complex with the non-ionic surfactant polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

A

povidone-iodine, USP

71
Q

used in active germicidal species – formed when chlorine is dissolved in water

A

hypochlorous acid

72
Q

this led to the development and use of the first inorganic hypochlorite salts such as NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2

A

hypochlorous acid

73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

N-chloro derivatives are anti-infectives

A

false

they are disinfectants

74
Q

ip-dichlorosulfamoylbenzoic acid used in disinfecting drinking water

A

halazone

75
Q

n-n-dichloroazodicarbonamidine

A

chloroazodin

76
Q

solution used as a wound dressing

A

glyceryltriacetate

77
Q

release hypochlorous acid (HClO) in solution and has rapid bactericidal action against microorganisms

A

oxychlorosene sodium

78
Q

marketed as a powder for reconstitution into a solution

A

oxychlorosene sodium

79
Q

a chemical that lowers surface tension

A

surfactant

80
Q

surfactants that causes cell wall lysis

A

cationic surfactants

81
Q

exert a bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of gram (+) and (-) bacteria provide a keratolytic action and have relatively good tissue penetration

A

cationic surfactants

82
Q

alkylbenzyldimethylammonium
chloride

A

benzalkonium chloride

83
Q

to control diaper rash in infants caused by C. albicans (produces ammonia)

A

methylbenzethonium chloride

84
Q

1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride

A

cetylpyridinium chloride

85
Q

the most active of a series of alkyl pyridinium derivatives

A

cetylpyridinium chloride

86
Q

chlorhexidine gluconate (hibiclens)

A

chlorhexidine

87
Q

the most effective of a series of antibacterial biguanides originally developed in great britain

A

chlorhexidine

88
Q

cationic surfactants (dyes)

A
  • triphenylmethane dyes
  • thiazine dyes
89
Q

examples of triphenylmethane dyes

A
  • gentian violet
  • basic fuchsin
90
Q

example of thiazine dyes

A

methylene blue

91
Q

active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi

A

cationic dyes

92
Q

a green powder or green flakes with metallic sheen

A

gentian violet

93
Q

a mixture of the chlorides of rosaniline and p-rosaniline

A

basic fuchsin

94
Q

green crystalline powder with a metallic appearance

A

basic fuchsin

95
Q

other name for carbol-fuchsin solution

A

castellani’s paint

96
Q

bacteriostatic, colors the urine and stool blue-green

A

methylene blue

97
Q

used for localized infections and syphilis

A

elemental mercury

98
Q

treats inflammation resulting from infection of the eye

irritating and can cause hypersensitivity reactions

A

mercuric oxide

99
Q

its sodium salt probably has the ”inner salt” structure in which the inner shell electrons of mercury are occupied

A

nitromersol

100
Q

weakly bacteriostatic antiseptic – applied topically as ointments or aqueous solutions

A

thiomerosal

101
Q

prevent microbial contamination

A

preservatives

102
Q

they possess antifungal properties – rapidly hydrolyze in-vivo to p-hydroxybenzoic acid

A

p-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives

103
Q

more effective against molds

A

methyl ester

104
Q

more effective against yeasts

A

propyl ester

105
Q

methylparaben

A

methyl p-hydroxybenzoate

106
Q

propylparaben

A

propyl p-hydroxybenzoate

107
Q

ethylparaben

A

ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate

108
Q

butyl p-hydroxybenzoate

A

butylparaben

109
Q

used as a bacteriostatic agent in pharmaceuticals for injection and ophthalmic use

A

chlorobutanol

110
Q

other names for benzyl alcohol

A
  1. phenylcarbinol
  2. phenylmethanol
111
Q

preservative in vials of injectable drugs in concentrations of 1-4% in water or saline solution

A

benzyl alcohol

112
Q

other names for phenylethyl alcohol

A
  • orange oil
  • rose oil
  • 2-phenyl ethanol
113
Q

used primarily in perfumery

A

phenylethyl alcohol

114
Q

occurs naturally in gum benzoin and in peru and tolu balsams – more effective as a preservative in foods and pharmaceutical products

A

benzoic acid

115
Q

used as a preservative in acidic liquid preparations in which benzoic acid is released

A

sodium benzoate

116
Q

effective antifungal agent that is used as preservative – most effective at low pH

A

sodium propionate

117
Q

used in concentrations of 1:10,000 to 1:50,000 to preserve injectables against bacterial contamination

A

phenylmercuric nitrate

118
Q

its bacteriostatic effectiveness is reduced in the presence of serum

A

phenylmercuric nitrate

119
Q

defined as the ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of the bacterium Salmonella typh

A

phenol coefficient

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