pharmaceutical chemistry

Question 1

focuses on quality aspects of medicines and aims to ensure fitness for the purpose of medicinal products

Answer 1

pharmaceutical chemistry

Question 2

the study of drugs, and involves drug development; usually done in a laboratory setting

Answer 2

pharmaceutical chemistry

Question 3

involves cures and remedies for disease, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality assurance, and drug chemistry

Answer 3

pharmaceutical chemistry

Question 4

same atoms but linked together differently

Answer 4

constitutional isomers

Question 5

constitutional isomers are also known as

Answer 5

geometrical isomers

Question 6

isomers in which the atoms have different connectivity

Answer 6

constitutional isomers

Question 7

isomers with different carbon atom arrangements and different hydrogen atom arrangements

Answer 7

skeletal isomers

Question 8

isomers that differ in the location of the functional group

Answer 8

positional isomers

Question 9

isomers that contain different functional groups

Answer 9

functional group isomers

Question 10

this is positioning the different functional groups in their sites of action

Answer 10

stereochemistry

Question 11

3 main groups of stereoisomers

Answer 11

1. optical isomer
2. geometric isomers
3. conformational isomers

Question 12

contain at least one asymmetric, or chiral, carbon atom

Answer 12

optical isomers

Question 13

carbons that have four non-identical substituents around it

Answer 13

chiral

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE

each asymmetric carbon atom can exist in one of two non-superimposable isomeric forms

Answer 14

true

Question 15

optical isomers that are mirror images of one another

Answer 15

enantiomers

Question 16

have identical physical and chemical properties except that one rotates the plane of polarized light

Answer 16

enantiomers

Question 17

clockwise direction

Answer 17

dextrorotatory (d/+)

Question 18

counterclockwise

Answer 18

levorotatory (l/-)

Question 19

equal mixture of d and l enantiomers

Answer 19

racemic mixture

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE

racemic mixtures are considered optically active

Answer 20

false

they are optically inactive

Question 21

used to designate the handedness of glyceraldehyde enantiomers

Answer 21

D and L system

(( Fischer Projection Formulas ))

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE

enantiomers are optically active

Answer 22

true

Question 23

chiral compound that rotates light towards the right

Answer 23

dextrorotatory

Question 24

chiral compound that rotates light towards left

Answer 24

levorotatory

Question 25

# TRUE OR FALSE there is **no correlation** between D, L, and +, -

Answer 25

true

Question 26

in D and L you need to look at the _____

Answer 26

structure

Question 27

**+** and **-** are determined by using a ____

Answer 27

polarimeter

Question 28

enantiomers can have large differences in:

Answer 28

- potency - receptor fit - biological activity - transport - metabolism | result when the drug molecule has an asymmetric interaction

Question 29

neither mirror images nor superimposable

Answer 29

diastereomers

Question 30

drugs must have at least two chiral centers in order to exist in diastereomers

Answer 30

diastereomers

Question 31

# TRUE OR FALSE diastereomers have some stereochemical centers that are identical and some that are opposite

Answer 31

true

Question 32

# TRUE OR FALSE diastereomers

Answer 32

possess different physicochemical properties and, thus, differ in properties, such as solubility, volatility, and melting points

Question 33

a special type of diastereomers because all epimers are also diastereomers

Answer 33

epimers

Question 34

compounds that are structurally identical in all respects except for the stereochemistry of one chiral center

Answer 34

epimers

Question 35

the process of ____ (in which the stereochemistry of one chiral center is inverted) is important in drug degradation and inactivation

Answer 35

epimerization

Question 36

occurs due to restricted rotation of double bonds based on the longest chain (not mirror images and have different physicochemical properties and pharmacologic activity)

Answer 36

geometric isomer

Question 37

based on a set of priority rules about the relative position of the two higher-priority groups | based on cahn ingold prelog rules

Answer 37

E and Z nomenclature

Question 38

alkene on the same side

Answer 38

Z | German: *zusammen* = together

Question 39

alkene on opposite sides

Answer 39

E | German: *entgegen* = opposite

Question 40

"boat" and "chair" forms

Answer 40

conformational isomers

Question 41

non-superimposable orientations of a molecule which result from the rotation of atoms about single bonds

Answer 41

conformational isomers

Question 42

provide a more exact representation of the three-dimensional conformation of sugars in nature

Answer 42

conformational isomers

Question 43

functional groups that are interchangeable with minimal impact on the activity of a molecule | based on the size of functional group

Answer 43

isosteres

Question 44

isosteric replacement of functional groups can:

Answer 44

1. increase potency 2. decrease side effects 3. separate biologic activities 4. increase the duration of action by altering metabolism

Question 45

containing groups that are spatially and electronically equivalent and, thus, interchangeable without significantly altering the molecules’ physicochemical properties

Answer 45

bioisosteres

Question 46

3 types of isosteres

Answer 46

1. interchangable univalent groups 2. interchangable divalent groups 3. interchangable ring groups

Question 47

groups are interchangeable based on similar charge and hydrogen bonding (and not the size)

Answer 47

bioisosteres

Question 48

give example of an bioisosteres

Answer 48

procainamide

Question 49

this has a longer duration of action than procaine because of the isosteric replacement of the ester oxygen with a nitrogen atom

Answer 49

procainamide

Question 50

# TRUE OR FALSE procainamide is an **amide**

Answer 50

true

Question 51

# TRUE OR FALSE procaine is an **ether**

Answer 51

false | it is an **ester**

Question 52

# TRUE OR FALSE isosteric analogs may act antagonistically to the parent molecule

Answer 52

true

Question 53

# TRUE OR FALSE alloxanthine is an **isostere** of xanthine

Answer 53

true

Question 54

substrates where a drug interacts with

Answer 54

- receptor - transport protein - metabolizing enzyme - molecules

Question 55

have the same molecular formula but differs in molecular structure

Answer 55

constitutional isomers | aka **structural isomers**

Question 56

same molecular formula but differs in the molecular arrangement

Answer 56

stereoisomers | aka **spatial isomers**

Question 57

similar substituents found in opposite/different sides

Answer 57

"trans-" | geometric isomer

Question 58

two identical substituents found in the same side

Answer 58

"cis-" | geometric isomer

Question 59

where does E and Z nomenclature based of?

Answer 59

cahn ingold prelog rules

Question 60

what is alloxanthine?

Answer 60

* inhibitor of xanthine oxidase * isostere of xanthine