Antibiotics

Question 1

Chemical agents used to treat disease

Answer 1

Chemotherapeutic agents

Question 2

Antibiotics Target

Answer 2

Bacterial cells

Question 3

True microbial antibiotics produced by microbes

Answer 3

Natural antibiotics

Question 4

Natural antibiotics that have been slightly chemically modified perhaps to restore Effectiveness after build up resistance

Answer 4

Semi synthetic antibiotics

Question 5

Completely synthesized antibiotics

Answer 5

Synthetic antibiotics

Question 6

Ability to kill organisms while damaging host as little as possible

Answer 6

Selective toxicity

Question 7

Drugs that attack many different kinds of pathogens and are not very specific

Answer 7

Broad-spectrum drugs

Question 8

Drugs that are more specific and attack a limited variety of pathogens

Answer 8

Narrow-spectrum drugs

Question 9

Microbicidal versus microbistatic

Answer 9

Microbicidal - kill organism

Microbstatic - keep organism at bay

Question 10

Which has higher host toxicity? Microbicidal/Microbstatic

Answer 10

Microbicidal

Question 11

5 drug action mechanisms

Answer 11

1. Cell wall inhibitors
2. Breakdown Cell membrane structure or function
3. Inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis structure or function
4. Inhibit protein synthesis
5. Block key metabolic pathways

Question 12

Beta -lactam groups (contain 3-carbom, 1 nitrogen functional ring)

Answer 12

• Penicillins

- Cephalosporins

Question 13

Non-Beta lactam groups

Answer 13

• Vancomycin
• Bacitracin
• Isoniazid

Question 14

3 parts of Penicillin Drugs

Answer 14

• Thiazoladine ring
• Beta-lactam ring
• Variable side chain dictating microbial activity

Question 15

Penicillin Drug mode of action

Answer 15

Block cell wall synthesis by binding the enzyme involved in cell wall cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers

Question 16

Cephalosporin mode of action

Answer 16

Broad spectrum activity; block enzyme involved in cell wall cross linking similar to penicillins

Question 17

Beta- lactam structure with two variable R groups

Answer 17

Cephalosporins

Question 18

Narrow spectrum drug that blocks ends of amino acids of the cell wall that will be cross-linked

Answer 18

Vancomycin

Question 19

Blocks elongation of the peptidoglycan chain; topical ointment

Answer 19

Bacitracin

Question 20

Interferes with mycolic acid synthesis; used with mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 20

Isoniazid

Question 21

Alternative to penicillin if allergic; toxic restricted-use hard to administer baby I have to listen to

Answer 21

Vancomycin

Question 22

acts like a detergent to solubilize phospholipids and destroy the integrity of the cell membrane

Answer 22

Polymixins

Question 23

Drugs that bind to DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA gyrase activity - broad spectrum effectiveness

Answer 23

Fluoroquinolones

Question 24

Blocks RNA polymerase activity - used for tuberculosis therapy & Neisseria menigitidis

Answer 24

Rifampin

Question 25

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis (4 of them)

Answer 25

Aminoglycosides (class) Tetracycline (specific drug) Chloramphenicol Macrolides

Question 26

contain a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars | bind to the 16S rRNA molecule in 30S ribosomal subunit - leads to misreading of mRNA & nonfunctional proteins

Answer 26

Aminoglycosides (class)

Question 27

4 ring structure; binds to the A-site on the 30S subunit to inhibit tRNA from binding - broad spectrum

Answer 27

Tetracyclines

Question 28

Contains unique nitrobenzene structure; blocks peptide bond formation by binding to the 50S subunit; very toxic, restricted usage

Answer 28

Chloramphenicol

Question 29

Contain 12 to 22 carbon lactone rings; bind to 23S rRNA molecule on 50S subunit so peptide bond cannot be formed

Answer 29

Macrolides

Question 30

Drugs that block enzymes required for folic acid synthesis through competitive inhibition

Answer 30

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

Question 31

Amphotericin B

Answer 31

Antifungal; disrupts cell membrane

Question 32

Nystatin

Answer 32

Antifungal; disrupts cell memrane

Question 33

Griseofulvin

Answer 33

Antifungal; disrupts mitotic spindle formation

Question 34

Synthetic azoles

Answer 34

broad spectrum antifungal; inhibits ergosterol synthesis

Question 35

Flucytosine

Answer 35

nucleotide analog (mimics cytosine); gets incorporated into the DNA and truncates synthesis

Question 36

Selective toxicity is almost impossible in this type of drugs

Answer 36

Antiviral

Question 37

Antiviral drugs function by

Answer 37

trying to block aspects of the viral life cycle (replication, transcription, or translation)

Question 38

Antiherpes Drugs mode of function

Answer 38

nucleotide analogs

Question 39

3 types of drugs (mode of action) in HIV infection cocktail

Answer 39

AZT - nucleotide analog Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Protease inhibitors

Question 40

Acquisition of drug resistance

Answer 40

1. Spontaneous mutation | 2. Acquisition of new genes via transfer from another species

Question 41

4 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

Answer 41

1. Inactivation of the drug 2. Exclusion of drug 3. Modification of drug target 4. Modify or alternative metabolic patterns