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AU Microbiology > Mod 3 Virology > Flashcards

Mod 3 Virology Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

acellular infectious agents

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Viruses exist in two phases:

A
  1. Active intracellular

2. Dormant Extracellular

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3
Q

A virus particle that contains DNA or RNA in a protective protein coat

A

Virion

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4
Q

viruses are dependent upon host ribosomes, enzymes, & metabolites meaning they are

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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5
Q

Are viruses living or non-living cells

A

non-living

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6
Q

TRUE/FALSE Genome of viruses can contain both DNA & RNA nucleic acids

A

False- will contain either DNA or RNA nucleic acids - not both

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7
Q

Viruses are (larger/smaller) than bacterial cells

A

smaller

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8
Q

Protein coat that encloses and protects the viral genome

A

Capsid

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9
Q

The capsid & nucleic acid together are called

A

Nucleocapsid

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10
Q

Protein coat is composed of repeating protein subunits called

A

Protomers & (sometimes) Capsomeres

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11
Q

Individual protein subunits that make up the capsid layer

A

Protomers

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12
Q

In more complex viral structures a group of 5 or 6 protomers may create a secondary structure within the capsid structure called

A

Capsomeres

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13
Q

an external covering surrounding the capsid layer of some viral organisms

A

Envelope

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14
Q

looks like a plasma membrane but does not function as one.

A

Envelope

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15
Q

Naked Virus

A

virus that does not have the phospholipid bilayer envelope

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16
Q

Function of the envelope

A

aids in binding to a host cell and allowing genome to gain entry to host cell

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17
Q

Envelope is derived from

A

the host cell membrane during release

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18
Q

Unique protein spikes that protrude from capsid through envelope

A

Peplomers

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19
Q

Give the virus functions of adherence or enzymatic activites

A

Spikes (peplomers)

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20
Q

Molecular differences in spikes can vary between viruses as well as between mutations of the same virus giving it different features

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Adherence spike of Influenza

A

Hemagglutinase (causes clumping of RBCs)

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22
Q

Cleavage spike of Influenza

A

Neuraminidase (can help with entry but primarily allows release of virion from host cell)

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23
Q

Two basic structural types of virions

A

Helical & Polyhedral (Icosahedral)

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24
Q

protomers form a cylindrical nucleocapsid

A

Helical virion

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25
20 equilateral triangular faces with 12 vertices
Icosahedral Virion
26
Edges and vertices of Icosahedral virions are formed by
capsomeres
27
Atypical viruses that have a shape that don't fit into the Icosehedral or Helical classification
Complex viruses
28
Viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
29
Virus the looks like a robot spider; consists of an Icosehedral shaped head, a helical shaped body, and protein tail fibers
bacteriophages
30
Viral genome classifications
(ds)DNA, (ss)DNA, (ds)RNA, or (ss)RNA
31
Number of genes carried by viruses
10 to 100s (compared to 25,000 in human cell)
32
Have the ability to be immediately translated by the host ribosomes to start producing proteins
+(ss)RNA
33
must be transcribed before translation can occur
-(ss)RNA - must be transcribed to +(ss)RNA
34
RNA viruses must carry in their own ______
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
35
Stages of animal virus replication
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release
36
stage in which animal virus gains attachment to specific molecule on the hot cell (may use viral spikes)
Adsorption
37
stage in which viral genome gains entry to host cell
Penetration
38
stage in which viral capsid layer is removed to free genome and allow for synthesis
Uncoating
39
stage in which viral components are produced (viral proteins & replication of genome)
Synthesis
40
Assembles viruses get back out of the cell during
Release
41
Viral particles begin to accumulate on surface of host cell during
Adsorption
42
Host Range
which type of hosts a virus has the ability to infect due to the specific molecular interactions of the tissue types
43
Tissue specificity that a virus has the ability to infect
Tropisms
44
Virion penetrates the host plasma membrane and releases the genome in the cytoplasm in one of 3 ways:
Direct penetration Fusion Endocytosis
45
Virus adheres to host and penetrates plasma membrane and viral genome is injected to host cell leaving empty capsid
direct penetration
46
envelope of virus merges with hot membrane and results in nucleocapsid release into the cytoplasm
Fusion
47
virus is engulfed in a vesicle by the plasma memrane
Endocytosis (can be enveloped or non-enveloped)
48
Two major events that must occur in synthesis
Synthesis of viral proteins (structural & functional proteins) Replication of the RNA or DNA genome
49
Synthesizes similarly to host cell replication and gene expression using host DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase
dsDNA
50
must produce a new complementary strand of DNA to synthesize
ssDNA | *uses the host DNA polymerase to form a dsDNA molecule
51
in order for +ve ssRNA to create a genome first
it must be transcribed into -ve ssRNA
52
process for +ve ssRNA to make viral proteins
it can be directly read by the host ribosomes
53
_______ acts as a template to make +ve ssRNA genome
-ve ssRNA
54
contain both + and - side
dsRNA
55
these viruses used a DNA molecule as an intermediary
Retroviruses
56
Unique enzyme that reads the RNA genome to form viral DNA
Reverse transcriptase
57
This enzyme is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
58
viruses that incorporate themselves into the host DNA and wait for host activation events
Retroviruses
59
Genome inserts into the developing capsid structure; this is similar for naked and enveloped virions
Assembly
60
This happens can happen through Lysis or budding
Release
61
non-enveloped virion method of release
Lysis
62
These proteins form little holes in the host cell making it weak
viral lysis factors
63
once they have assembled the virus embeds itself in the host membrane using the viral spikes. as they move off they take a piece of the cell membrane
Exocytosis or budding
64
relatively short time onset viral infection (7-14 days)
Acute infections
65
long term infection. Virion particles are always detectable at lease in low amounts
Chronic infections
66
these organisms remain dormant in the body for an extended period of time
Latent Infections
67
Hepes simplex virus and & Herpes zoster virus are examples of
Latent infections
68
cancer causing viruses
Oncogenic viruses (aka oncoviruses)
69
these enter a hosts cell and then alter the genes in the host cell through transformation of the cell
Oncogenic viruses
70
Viral genes inserted in host cell chromosome and alter the normal cell cycle regulation
TRUE
71
Genes that regulate a host cell cycle - promoting cell division
Protooncogenes
72
Genes that regulate a host cell cycle - prevent cell division
Repressors (tumor-supressor genes)
73
have a similar replication cycle as viruses, ONLY infect prokaryotic bacteria cells
Bacteriaphage (phage)
74
Multiplication stages of Phage
1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release
75
Release of phage is a result of ______ induced by viral enzymes and accumulation of viruses. Referred to as the ______
cell lysis; lytic cycle
76
Phage that undergoes adsorption and penetration but don't replicate
Temperate Phages
77
viral genome of _____ phage inserts itself into the bacterial host genome becoming _______
Temperate; prophage
78
Once phage becomes prophage it does not complete the _____ cycle until ______
lytic; Induction
79
Silent infection stage
Lysogeny
80
During normal cell division of a bacterial cell infected with prophage, prophage genome is also being copied
True
81
Two cycles of temperate phage
lysogenic, lytic
82
activation of lysogenic prophage to enter the lyric cycle and complete viral replication and cell lysis
Induction
83
bacteria that phage has infected has converted from non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic
Lysogenic conversion
84
Methods of Virus Cultivation
- Bird embryo/ ferilized bird eggs | - Cell (tissue) cultures - bacteria, plant, animal
85
If viruses won't grow in a cell or fertilized bird egg ____________ may be required
Live animal inoculation

AU Microbiology (10 decks)

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