Module 1 - Intro & History

Question 1

Microorganism

Answer 1

An organism too small to be seen without a microscope

Question 2

Microbe

Answer 2

An organism or virus too small to be seen without a microscope

Question 3

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 3

First discovered the bacterial world. Built tiny magnifying glasses to observe specimens.

Question 4

Six groups of microorganisms

Answer 4

Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and small multicellular animals

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

Prokaryotic microorganism typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. In Woese’s taxonomy, domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having bacterial rRNA sequences.

Question 6

Taxonomic system

Answer 6

A system for naming plants and animals and group of similar organisms together

Question 7

Archaea

Answer 7

In Wilson’s taxonomy, domain that includes all prokaryotic cells having archael rRNA sequences

Question 8

Pathogenic Microorganisms

Answer 8

Disease-causing microorganisms

Question 9

Opportunistic Infections

Answer 9

Microorganisms that do not ordinarily cause disease become infectious in immunoincompetent individuals

Question 10

Nosocomial Infections

Answer 10

Hospital acquired infections

Question 11

Prokaryote

Answer 11

Microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Question 12

Eukaryote

Answer 12

Unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 13

Developed the original classification system (kingdom–> species)

Answer 13

Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)

Question 14

Added “Domain” to taxonomy system

Answer 14

Carl Woese

Question 15

3 Domains in 3 domain System; developed by

Answer 15

Bacteria (Eubacteria), Archaea, Eukarya

Developed by Carl Woese - got rid of Kingdom Monera

Question 16

Who proposed Archaea asa domain?

Answer 16

Carl Woese

Question 17

Who supported the spontaneous generation myth?

Answer 17

John Needham

Question 18

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

Answer 18

One Parent (single cell)
Identical offspring (to parent cell)
Less developed organisms
Faster time period

Question 19

Characteristics of sexual reproduction

Answer 19

Two parents (two cells)
Unique offspring (genetically different from parent cells)
More Complex organisms
Slower reproduction time

Question 20

Developed a method to decrease the microbial population in consumer goods to reduce spoilage.

Answer 20

Louis Pasteur

Question 21

Developed rabies vaccine

Answer 21

Louis Pasteur

Question 22

Demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease

Answer 22

Robert Koch

Question 23

“Golden Age” of Microbiology

Answer 23

1857 - 1914

Question 24

Performed swan neck flask experiments to disprove spontaneous generation theory

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

Who implemented hand-washing techniques; when?

Answer 25

Ignaz Semmelweis; 1847-1850

Question 26

Developed techniques to reduce wound and surgical infections

Answer 26

Joseph Lister; 1867 - heat sterilized instruments - sprayed phenol over surgical areas

Question 27

First to experiment with role of bacteria causing disease

Answer 27

Robert Koch (1876)

Question 28

Koch's Postulates

Answer 28

series of four steps to isolate microorganisms in diseased organisms and infect healthy hosts

Question 29

Credited for discovery of vaccination

Answer 29

Edward Jenner (late 1700s) - smallpox from cowpox

Question 30

Attenuation

Answer 30

the process of reducing vaccine virulence (ability to cause disease)

Question 31

Developed vaccines through attenuation of bacteria

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur - Discovered studying chicken cholera Produced Anthrax & Rabies vaccines (1885)

Question 32

Francesco Redi

Answer 32

Experimented with sealed jars of meat in late 1600s in an attempt to disprove spontaneous generation theory

Question 33

John T Needham

Answer 33

Supporter of spontaneous generation theory. Experimented with boiled beef gravy in containers sealed with corks. (1713-1781)

Question 34

Lazaro Spallanzani

Answer 34

repeated Needham's experiments but boiled broth longer and melted necks of vials to seal. Seemingly disproved spontaneous generation theory but wasn't accepted because sealed necks didn't allow vital life forces (air)

Question 35

Micrographia

Answer 35

collection of microscopic observations of inanimate & animate objects

Question 36

Who published Micrographia, when?

Answer 36

Robert Hook; 1665

Question 37

Leuwenhoek's observations of _____ introduced most types of ________ to the world.

Answer 37

microbes; microorganisms

Question 38

Leeuwenhoek's discoveries were named and classified by Linnaeus in his _________.

Answer 38

taxonomic system

Question 39

Small _______ (______ &_____) line in a variety of communities and in most habitats. Even though some cause disease, most are beneficial.

Answer 39

prokaryotes ( bacteria & archaea)

Question 40

Relatively large microscopic ________ _______ include _______ & _______.

Answer 40

eukaryotic fungi; molds & yeasts

Question 41

Animal-like single celled eukaryotes. Some cause disease.

Answer 41

protozoa

Question 42

Abiognesis

Answer 42

aka spontaneous generation. Theory proposed by Aristotle

Question 43

Bioremediation

Answer 43

use of microbes to clean up environmental oil spills & toxic pollutants

Question 44

Biotechnology

Answer 44

use of living organisms and technology to produce various consumer goods; i.e. foods, drugs, & vaccines

Question 45

Studies bacteria

Answer 45

Bacteriologist

Question 46

studies viruses

Answer 46

Virologist

Question 47

Studies Fungi

Answer 47

Mycologist

Question 48

studies Protozoa

Answer 48

Protozologist

Question 49

studies parasitic protozoa & Helminths

Answer 49

Parasitologist (parasitology)

Question 50

studies Algae

Answer 50

Phycologist (Phycology)

Question 51

3 main shapes (morphology) of microbes

Answer 51

rods, spheres, spirals

Question 52

Analyzing chemical structure of cell wall is looking at what characteristic of microbes

Answer 52

Molecular structure

Question 53

Analyzing enzymes & biochemical pathways is defining what characteristic?

Answer 53

Physiological characteristics

Question 54

Analyzing DNA of microbes

Answer 54

Phylogenetic analysis

Question 55

Phylogenetic analysis defines which characteristic

Answer 55

Genetic Structure

Question 56

Two prokaryotic microorganisms

Answer 56

Bacteria & Archaea

Question 57

Prokaryotic cells do NOT contain DNA (true/false)

Answer 57

False - they contain DNA but not in a nuclear membrane

Question 58

Pseudopods

Answer 58

Protozoa that move by extending cell membrane until cytoplasm flows in that direction

Question 59

Cilia

Answer 59

fine hairlike structures beat uniformly that allow protozoan organisms to move

Question 60

Four Locomotion classifications of Protozoa

Answer 60

1. Pseudopods 2. Cilia 3. Flagella 4. Non-motile

Question 61

Photosynthetic microorganism

Answer 61

Algae

Question 62

Recombinant DNA

Answer 62

splicing genes from one organism to another - has been successfully used to produce human therapies (ie. insulin)

Question 63

Cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotes

Answer 63

Ribosomes - YES, No Mitochondria & No Chloroplasts, no ER, or Golgi body

Question 64

Cytoplasmic structures of Eukaryotes

Answer 64

Ribosomes- YES, Mitochondria - YES, Chloroplast - YES

Question 65

Where are Prokaryotes found vs Eukaryotes found?

Answer 65

Prokaryotes - All environments, Eukaryotes - non harsh environments

Question 66

microorganisms are named by

Answer 66

Genus & Species (most exclusive)

Question 67

genus name is always (capitalized/lowercase)

Answer 67

capitalized

Question 68

species name is always (capitalized/lowercase)

Answer 68

lowercase