Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

What are external structures of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsule & slime layer

Question 2

What makes up the cell envelope of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

cell wall & membrane

Question 3

internal structures of prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, inclusions, chromosomes, actin cytoskeleton & endospore

Question 4

Function of flagella

Answer 4

motility (movement)

Question 5

Function of fimbriae

Answer 5

adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Question 6

Virulence Factor

Answer 6

characteristic required for an organism to be pathogenic

Question 7

Pili (sex pilus) AKA _______ ______

Answer 7

Conjunction Tubes

Question 8

Pili are made of

Answer 8

Pilin protein

Question 9

Rigid large tubes that join bacterial cells together and allow transfer of genetic material

Answer 9

Pili (Conjunction tubes)

Question 10

3 parts of flagella

Answer 10

filament, hook, basal body

Question 11

long, thin, helical structure composed of protein

Answer 11

filament (part of flagella)

Question 12

curved sheath (part of flagella)

Answer 12

hook

Question 13

stack of protein rings that anchor flagella to cell wall & plasma membrane

Answer 13

basal body

Question 14

bacteria move in response to external stimuli in the form of _____ & _____

Answer 14

light stimuli & chemical stimuli

Question 15

chemical stimuli

Answer 15

chemotaxis

Question 16

light stimuli

Answer 16

phototaxis

Question 17

direction of flagella rotation determines

Answer 17

runs & tumbles

Question 18

runs

Answer 18

counterclockwise flagellar rotation & results in a smooth linear direction

Question 19

Tumbles

Answer 19

clockwise rotation of flagella & results in no net gain of movement

Question 20

long runs and short tumbles means

Answer 20

stimulant is present

Question 21

long tumbles and short runs means

Answer 21

no stimulant is present

Question 22

endoflagella (periplasmic flagella)

Answer 22

flagella is encased between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

Question 23

Axial Filament

Answer 23

collection of endoflagella

Question 24

rotation of endoflagella results in

Answer 24

entire organism corkscrews = spirochete

Question 25

which is longer? pili or fimbriae

Answer 25

Pili

Question 26

Glycocalyx composed of:

Answer 26

polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

Question 27

Two types of glycocalyx

Answer 27

1. Capsule 2. Slime Layer

Question 28

All organisms produce a glycocalyx (true/false)

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Biofilms

Answer 29

colonization of bacteria on medical devices

Question 30

Function of glycocalyx

Answer 30

prevents phagocytosis by immune system. Masks bacteria from immune system contributing to it's pathogeny.

Question 31

2 layers of cell envelope

Answer 31

1. cell wall (superior) 2. plasma membrane (inferior)

Question 32

Plasma membrane composed of:

Answer 32

phospholipids, protein, sterol-like molecules (hopenoids in bacteria)

Question 33

In prokaryotes, the plasma membrane is the site for ______ _______

Answer 33

Electron transport

Question 34

Phospholipids are composed of:

Answer 34

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, & 1 phosphate group

Question 35

Amphipathic

Answer 35

contains polar & non-polar regions

Question 36

Polar regions

Answer 36

hydrophilic & face toward outside or cytoplasm

Question 37

Non-polar regions

Answer 37

hydrophobic & face each other

Question 38

cell wall function - determines:

Answer 38

1. cell shape 2. structural support 3.prevents cell lysis

Question 39

macromolecule the forms cell wall of bacteria

Answer 39

peptidoglycan

Question 40

peptidoglycan is composed of

Answer 40

repeating long glycan chains cross linked by short peptide fragments

Question 41

alternating glycan chains in pedtidoglycan are:

Answer 41

NAG (N-acetylglucosamine) & NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)

Question 42

Gram Stain determines is bacteria is _____ or ______

Answer 42

gram-positive or gram-negative

Question 43

Has a thin peptidoglycan wall

Answer 43

gram-negative bacteria

Question 44

Has a think peptidoglycan wall

Answer 44

gram-positive bacteria

Question 45

NAG & NAM are linked together by:

Answer 45

tetrapeptide crossbridges & glycine interbridges

Question 46

Layers of Gram Positive cell wall

Answer 46

thick peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

Question 47

Layers of Gram Negative cell wall

Answer 47

outer membrane, periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

Question 48

teichoic acid function

Answer 48

- anchor peptidoglycan to cytoplasmic membrane | - regulate cation movement in/out of cells

Question 49

Two layers of gram negative outer membrane

Answer 49

- Inner leaflet - phospholipids | - Outer leaflet - lipolysaccharides (lps) & phospholipids

Question 50

Porins

Answer 50

integral proteins in outer membrane that allow for passage of molecules

Question 51

Outer membrane function

Answer 51

protects bacteria cell - blocks detergents, antibiotics, enzymes so they are less effective on gram-negative bacteria

Question 52

3 parts of Lipoplysaccharides (LPS)

Answer 52

- repeating O antigen - core oligosaccharides - Lipid A - fatty acids

Question 53

When antibiotics break down gram negative bacteria cells this can be released and cause a deadly immune response

Answer 53

Lipid A (endotoxin)

Question 54

Examples of response caused by release of lipopolysaccarides (LPS)

Answer 54

vasodilation, inflammation, blood clot, shock

Question 55

Species that contains mycolic acid

Answer 55

Mycobacterium

Question 56

Species that lacks a cell wall

Answer 56

Mycoplasma

Question 57

Acid fast stain

Answer 57

Mycobacterium are acid fast because stain gets into the cell wall due to long mycolic acid carbon chains and cannot be remove by alcohol decolorizor

Question 58

Mycobacterium

Answer 58

1. Lack peptioglycan cell wall | 2. Pleomorphic

Question 59

Primary stain in gram staining process

Answer 59

Crystal violet

Question 60

Counterstain in gram staining process

Answer 60

Safranin

Question 61

Steps of gram staining process

Answer 61

1. Crystal violet 2. Gram's Iodine 3. Alcohol (decolorizer) 4. Safranin (red dye)

Question 62

Stained red at the end of gram staining process

Answer 62

Gram negative

Question 63

Stained purple at the end of the gram staining process

Answer 63

Gram positive

Question 64

Species associated with acid-fast stain

Answer 64

Mycobacterium spp. and Nocardia spp.