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Pharm 233 Final > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Sulfanilamide

A

Sulfonamide

Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid

Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis

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2
Q

Sulfamethoxazole

A

Sulfonamide

Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid

Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis

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3
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Sulfonamide

Used in RA

Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid

Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis

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4
Q

Sulfadiazine

A

Sulfonamide

Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid

Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis

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5
Q

Sulfadoxine

A

Sulfonamide

Anti-malarial drug

Competitive inhibition of dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) – folic acid

Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity reactions
Bone marrow depression
Acute renal failure
Cyanosis

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6
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Folic acid antagonist

Structurally resemble the pteridine moiety of folate, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia

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7
Q

Pyrimethamine

A

Folic acid antagonist

Structurally resemble the pteridine moiety of folate, inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia

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8
Q

Penicillin G

A

Beta-lactamase sensitive

Poor oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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9
Q

Penicillin V

A

Beta-lactamase sensitive

Better oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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10
Q

Methicillin

A

Beta-lactamase resistant

Poor oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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11
Q

Oxacillin

A

Beta-lactamase resistant

Good oral availability
Gram-positive bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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12
Q

Ampicillin

A

Beta-lactamase sensitive

Good oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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13
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Beta-lactamase sensitive

Good oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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14
Q

Carbenicillin

A

Beta-lactamase sensitive

Poor oral availability
Gram-positive and negative bacteria
Activity against P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella

Inhibits penicillin binding proteins that develop the peptidoglycan layer

Hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Proconvulsant effect

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15
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitor

Combined treatment with amoxicillin

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16
Q

Sulbactam

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitor

Combined treatment with amoxicillin

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17
Q

Cephalexin

A

Cephalosporins (first gen)

Gram-positive

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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18
Q

Cefazolin

A

Cephalosporins (first gen)

Gram-positive

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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19
Q

Cefaclor

A

Cephalosporins (second gen)

Gram-positive, some gram-negative

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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20
Q

Cefuroxime

A

Cephalosporins (second gen)

Gram-positive, some gram-negative

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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21
Q

Cefotaxime

A

Cephalosporins (third gen)

Gram-negative, less gram-positive activity

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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22
Q

Cefexim

A

Cephalosporins (third gen)

Gram-negative, less gram-positive activity

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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23
Q

Cefepim

A

Cephalosporins (fourth gen)

Gram-positive, more gram-negative than previous gens

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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24
Q

Ceftarolin

A

Cephalosporins (fifth gen)

Gram-positive, more gram-negative than previous gens

Irreversible inhibition of penicillin binding proteins

Nephrotoxicity
Drug-induced alcohol intolerance
Bone marrow depression
Contraindicated in those who experience anaphylaxis with penicillins

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25
Q

Imipenem

A

Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)

Broad spectrum activity

Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins

Neurotoxicity (seizures)

26
Q

Meropenem

A

Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)

Broad spectrum activity

Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins

Neurotoxicity

27
Q

Ertapenem

A

Carbapenem (Beta-lactam)

Broad spectrum activity

Bind differently to penicillin binding proteins

Neurotoxicity

28
Q

Aztreonam

A

Monobactam (Beta-lactam)

Effective for gram-negative

Irreversible inhibitor of penicillin binding protein 3

No frequent side effects

29
Q

Vancomycin

A

Last resort treatment of MRSA

Unstable (rarely oral)

Rare resistance formation

Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia

30
Q

Teicoplanin

A

Unstable (rarely oral)

Rare resistance formation

Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia

31
Q

Daptomycin

A

Unstable (rarely oral)

Rare resistance formation

Attach to D-Ala-D-Ala and inhibit transglycosylase and transpeptidase to interrupt cell wall synthesis

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Flushing (Redman syndrome)
Neutropenia

32
Q

Polymixin B

A

Gram-negative bacilli

Bind to phosphate group of cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts integrity

Not absorbed in the GI tract, can be used for gut sterilization and topical treatments

Neurotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

33
Q

Colistimethate

A

Aka Polymixin E

Gram-negative bacilli

Bind to phosphate group of cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts integrity

Not absorbed in the GI tract, can be used for gut sterilization and topical treatments

Neurotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

34
Q

Fosfomycin

A

Broad spectrum

Inactivates MurA and thereby inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

Well tolerated

Usually used in multi-drug resistant E. coli

35
Q

Oxytetracycline

A

Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa

Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation

Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children

36
Q

Demeclocycline

A

Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa

Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation

Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children

37
Q

Doxycycline

A

Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa

Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation

Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children

38
Q

Minocycline

A

Treats meningitis due to CNS and CFS penetration

Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa

Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation

Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children

39
Q

Tigecycline

A

Broad spectrum, also effective against protozoa

Reversibly bind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translation

Staining of teeth and dental hypoplasia
Bone deformities
(Nephro)toxic upon expiration
Contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and children

40
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside

More effective against gram-negative

Requires aerobic respiration

Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)

41
Q

Streptomycin

A

Aminoglycoside

More effective against gram-negative

Requires aerobic respiration

Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)

42
Q

Amikacin

A

Aminoglycoside

More effective against gram-negative

Requires aerobic respiration

Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)

43
Q

Tobramycin

A

Aminoglycoside

More effective against gram-negative

Requires aerobic respiration

Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)

44
Q

Neomycin

A

Aminoglycoside

More effective against gram-negative

Requires aerobic respiration

Irreversibly binds the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis by trapping ribosomes at the AUG

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Paralysis via neuromuscular blockade (rare)

45
Q

Erythromycin

A

Macrolide

Similar spectrum to penicillins

Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase

Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)

46
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Macrolide

Similar spectrum to penicillins

Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase

Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)

47
Q

Azithromycin

A

Macrolide

Similar spectrum to penicillins

Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase

Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)

48
Q

Telithromycin

A

Macrolide

Similar spectrum to penicillins

Bind the 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase

Cholestatic jaundice (treatment > 2 weeks)

49
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Bacteriostatic against gram-negative and gram-positive

Should be reserved for meningitis

Binds 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase

Pancytopenia
Grey baby syndrome

50
Q

Linezolid

A

Oxazolidinone

Wide range of activity between gram-positive, including MRSA

Inhibit protein synthesis via antagonism of the N-formylmethionyl-tRNA binding to the 70S ribosome

Thrombocytopenia
Serotonin syndrome (SSRIs and MAOI medications)
Hyperlactemia (Due to mitochondrial protein synthesis)

51
Q

Fusidic acid

A

Steroid antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria

Interferes with translation/protein synthesis

Jaundice

52
Q

Quinupristin

A

Streptogramins

Gram-positive

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome

Arthralgia and myalgia from inflammation at the infusion site

53
Q

Dalfopristin

A

Streptogramins

Gram-positive

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome

Arthralgia and myalgia from inflammation at the infusion site

54
Q

Clindamycin

A

Lincosamide

Bind 23S rRNA molecule of the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit peptidyl transferase (like macrolides and chloramphenicol)

Potentially lethal pseudomembranous colitis

55
Q

Nalidixic acid

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

56
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

57
Q

Levofloxacin

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

58
Q

Ofloxacin

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

59
Q

Norfloxacin

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

60
Q

Moxifloxacin

A

Quinolone

Broad spectrum

Inhibit topoisomerase II (+) (bacterial DNA gyrase), preventing negative supercoiling, and topoisomerase IV (-), preventing decatenation of daughter DNA

Arthropathy
Convulsions (especially with concurrent theophyllines)

Pharm 233 Final (11 decks)

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