Antibiotics

Question 1

He discovered P. notatum in 1929.

Answer 1

Fleming

Question 2

They isolated and introduced penicillins in therapy in 1938.

Answer 2

Florey and Chain

Question 3

They discovered that anthrax culture were killed by another living organism.

Answer 3

Pasteur and Joubert

Question 4

Substance produced by microorganisms which has the capacity to inhibit even destroy other microorganism.

Answer 4

Antibiotics

Question 5

A product of metabolism. Synthetic product produced by living organism. Effective in low concentration.

Answer 5

Antibiotics

Question 6

An agent that either kills or inhibits the growth of microorganism. All are drugs.

Answer 6

Antibiotic

Question 7

Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Some are not drugs, e.g., soaps and detergents.

Answer 7

Antibacterial

Question 8

It kill or slow the spread of microorganisms. Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi.

Answer 8

Antimicrobial

Question 9

Two (2) Classification of Antibiotics (According to Spectrum of Activity)

Answer 9

1. Narrow Spectrum
2. Broad Spectrum

Question 10

The drugs that only act on one kind or one strain of bacteria. It act against limited group of bacteria and are used against particular subset of microorganisms.

Answer 10

Narrow Spectrum

Question 11

The drugs that have wide antimicrobial scope. It act against larger group of bacteria and are active against both gram positive and gram negative organisms.

Answer 11

Broad Spectrum

Question 12

Two (2) Classification of Antibiotics (According to Action)

Answer 12

1. Bacteriostatic
2. Bactericidal

Question 13

Drugs which arrest the growth and replication of bacteria at serum urine levels achievable in the patient, thus limiting the spread of infection until the immune system attacks, immobilizes, and eliminates the pathogen.

Answer 13

Bacteriostatic

Question 14

Drugs which kill bacteria at drug serum levels achievable in the patient.

Answer 14

Bactericidal

Question 15

Two (2) Resistance of Antibiotics

Answer 15

1. Drug Resistance
2. Cross Resistance

Question 16

The susceptibility of pathogenic MOs to drugs becomes lower or even loses after contact with the drug many times.

Answer 16

Drug Resistance

Question 17

When the bacteria show resistance to one drug, they are also resistant to some other drugs.

Answer 17

Cross Resistance

Question 18

Three (3) Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

Answer 18

1. Beta Lactams
2. Glycopeptides
3. Bacitracin

Question 19

A beta lactam ring produces an inactive __________.

Answer 19

Penicilloic Acid

Question 20

An endotoxin like substance released by microorganism after death during antibiotic treatment.

Answer 20

Jarisch Herxheimer Reaction

Question 21

Two (2) Penicillinases (According to Enzymatic Inactivation of Beta Lactams)

Answer 21

1. B-Lactamases
2. Acylases

Question 22

These are group of enzymes specifically designed to degrade and inactivate beta lactam antibiotics by directly attacking the beta lactam bond which leads to ring opening and inactivating the antibiotic.

Answer 22

B-Lactamases

Question 23

These are also the variety enzymes that have been isolated from some bacteria, and these enzymes cleave the acylamino sidechain of the antibiotic.

Answer 23

Acylases

Question 24

Four (4) Classifications of Penicillins

Answer 24

1. Natural Penicillins
2. Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
3. Aminopenicillins
4. Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins

Question 25

These are natural penicillins which are highly active against gram positive cocci.

Answer 25

Pen G and Pen V

Question 26

__________ may be due to water, alkaline or acid enzymes.

Answer 26

Degradation

Question 27

It is also known as Antistaphylococcal Penicillins. These are less potent against bacteria that do not produce beta lactamase, but are effective against those that do. They are sufficiently acid stable to be taken orally.

Answer 27

Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

Question 28

Five (5) Examples of Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins

Answer 28

1. Methicillin 2. Nafcillin Isoxazolyl Penicillins: 3. Oxacillin 4. Cloxacillin 5. Dicloxacillin

Question 29

__________ may cause nephrotoxicity and interstitial nephritis.

Answer 29

Methicillin

Question 30

__________ may be hepatotoxic.

Answer 30

Oxacillin

Question 31

It is also known as Broad Spectrum Penicillin. An antimicrobial activity include such gram negative microorganisms such as H. influenzae, E. coli, and P. mirabilis.

Answer 31

Aminopenicillin

Question 32

Four (4) Examples of Aminopenicillin

Answer 32

1. Ampicillin 2. Amoxicillin 3. Cyclacillin 4. Bacampicillin

Question 33

__________ and __________ are the most commonly associated with drug-induced rash and diarrhea.

Answer 33

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

Question 34

__________ is equivalent in activity to Pen G, widely used for out-patients for uncomplicated community-acquired UTI.

Answer 34

Ampicillin

Question 35

It is also known as Extended-Spectrum Penicillin. Activity is extended against Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Proteus sp., Klebsiela sp. and other gram negative microorganisms.

Answer 35

Antipseudomonal Penicillin

Question 36

Four (4) Examples of Antipseudomonal Penicillin

Answer 36

Carboxypenicillins: 1. Carbenicillin 2. Ticarcillin Ureidopenicillins: 3. Mezlocillin 4. Piperacillin

Question 37

Used to produced synergistic activity against resistant strains. Inhibits the enzymes that inactivates or hydrolyzes the lactam ring resulting to inactivation.

Answer 37

Beta Lactamase Inhibitors

Question 38

Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid

Answer 38

Augmentin

Question 39

Ampicillin + Sulbactam

Answer 39

Unasyn

Question 40

Piperacillin + Tazobactam

Answer 40

Piptaz