Antibiotics

Question 1

Bacteria are classified by their ability to _____

Answer 1

Take up and retain Gram stain

Question 2

Types of Gram \_\_\_\_ bacteria:
staphylococcus
streptococcus
clostridium
bacillus
heliobacter

Answer 2

positive

Question 3

Gram positive have a ______ peptidoglycan and stain purple

Answer 3

thick

Question 4

Gram negative have a ______ peptidoglycan surrounded by a second _____ ______membrane, and stain pink

Answer 4

thin

lipid bilayer

Question 5

Common gram \_\_\_\_\_\_ bacteria:
enterobacter
Neisseria
pseudomonas
Escherichia
campylobacter
klebsiella
salmonella
bacteriodes

Answer 5

negative

Question 6

Bacteria that do not fit into a class

Answer 6

mycobacteria (TB)
chlamydia trachomatis
mycoplasma pneumonia

Question 7

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth: ______

kill bacteria: _____

Answer 7

bacteriostatic

bacteriocidal

Question 8

MIC stands for

Answer 8

minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 9

MBC stands for

Answer 9

minimum bacteriocidal concentration

Question 10

antibiotics that inhibit a narrow range of bacteria: ___
broad range: ___
most frequently used: ____ because ___

Answer 10

narrow spectrum
broad spectrum

broad spectrum
no need for extensive lab work

Question 11

major problem with broad spectrum antibiotics

Answer 11

eliminates most of the naturally occurring bacteria in GI tract, can result in superinfection
ex: clostridium difficle

Question 12

3 ways bacteria has developed resistance

Answer 12

1. modified cell wall so it is not permeable to antibiotic
2. modified enzyme affected by antibiotic
3. acquired enzymes to destroy antibiotic

Question 13

family which uses all 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 13

penicillin

Question 14

Penicillin drugs work by inhibiting the enzyme ______, which helps synthesize the cell wall in gram ____ bacteria

Answer 14

transpeptidase

positive

Question 15

bacteria that have altered the structure of their transpeptidase enzymes so penicillin cannot bind to it are called ______ resistant.
MRSA stands for ______ and is an example

Answer 15

methicillin

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 16

bacteria acquire the enzyme _____, which destroys the 4-membered beta lactam ring in the penicillin drug.
when these bacteria do that and also work on cephalosporins are called ESBR which stands for _____

Answer 16

penicillinase

extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistant

Question 17

patients can acquire a _____ infection from a hospital that has resistant pathogenic bacteria, or a _____ infection “off the streets”

Answer 17

nosocomial

community

Question 18

most common adverse effect of penicillin drugs

Answer 18

allergic reaction

varies from mild rash to anaphylactic shock

Question 19

Penicillin ___ is the earliest one still in use. not stable in ____ so it is given by injection.

Answer 19

G

acid

Question 20

Two types of penicillin that are narrow spectrum

Answer 20

penicillin G and V

Question 21

Penicillin ___ can be taken orally. primarily gram+…but gram- Neisseria gonorrhoeae is susceptible

Answer 21

V

Question 22

5th most commonly prescribed drug, most common antibiotic: _____.
broad spectrum
bacteria have acquired _____ against it.

Answer 22

amoxicillin

penicillinase

Question 23

_____ ____ inhibits penicillinase enzyme, added to Amoxicillin to create ____

Answer 23

potassium clavulanate

Augmentin

Question 24

____ family isolated from sewers in Italy.

broad spectrum

inhibit cell wall synthesis. related to penicillin fam

Answer 24

Cephalosporins

Question 25

First generation cephalosporin drug: ______ used for treating UTI most commonly prescribed in this family

Answer 25

Cephalexin

Question 26

Second generation cephalosporin drugs: _____, _____, _____

Answer 26

Cefzil Ceclor Ceftin

Question 27

Third generation cephalosporin drug: ____ treats gonorrhea must be given IV

Answer 27

Ceftriaxone

Question 28

Third gen cephalosporin drug: _____ | treats otitis media, respiratory infecitons, pneumonia, bronchitis

Answer 28

Cefdinir

Question 29

Third gen cephalosporin drug: ______ given IV broad spectrum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa that bacteria is found in the environment, common in burn and CF patients

Answer 29

Cefzim

Question 30

drug reserved for life threatening gram+ infections such as MRSA: _______ inhibits cell wall synthesis given IV side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Answer 30

Vancomycin

Question 31

family that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis: ______ | contains the mycin drugs

Answer 31

macrolide

Question 32

less used macrolide drug used for patients allergic to penicillin: ______ adverse effect: ___ also used to treat acne prescribed for UTI, Legionnaire's, respiratory infections

Answer 32

erythromycin | nausea

Question 33

macrolide that has replaced erythromycin: _____ taken once daily and less nausea(benefit over erythro) concentrated by white blood cells

Answer 33

Azithromycin

Question 34

family that inhibits bacterial ribosomes: _____ widely used in animal food broad spectrum, also alternative to penicillin

Answer 34

tetracycline fam

Question 35

some things tetracyclines treat

Answer 35

``` UTI respiratory tract infections acne vulgaris PID rickettsial infections(lyme) helicobacter pylori brucellosis (milk) cholera ```

Question 36

taking food with tetracycline ____ absorption, especially when it contains ___ and ___ ions

Answer 36

decreases | Ca+2 and Mg+2

Question 37

tetracycline drug that is well absorbed with food: ____ | may promote regrowth of gingiva in periodontal disease

Answer 37

doxycycline

Question 38

drug that inhibits protein synthesis. most used for topical acne treatment: ______ not used internally because of superinfections

Answer 38

clindamycin

Question 39

drug largely replaced by cephalosporins that treat systemic infections can be used orally to reduce bacteria in GI tract before surgery

Answer 39

aminoglycosides | (Streptomicin) first one discovered

Question 40

drug that inhibits protein synthesis. treats meningitis and brain abscesses because it crosses BBB easily can cause bone marrow suppression and aplastic anemia replaced by cephalosporins

Answer 40

chloramphenicol

Question 41

oldest antibiotics in use: ____ family inhibit DNA replication, specifically ___ ___. structure similar to PABA treat UTI, ear infection, bronchial infection commonly combined w/ _____

Answer 41

sulfonamides folic acid trimethoprim

Question 42

most commonly prescribed sulfonamide: ____ | combined with trimethoprim and called ____

Answer 42

sulfamethoxazole | Bactrim/Septra

Question 43

sulfonamide used as NSAID: ______

Answer 43

sulfasalazine

Question 44

drug for prophylactic use against UTI or cyctitis infections: ____ can cause anorexia, brown urine

Answer 44

Nitrofurantoin

Question 45

family that ends in --floxacin

Answer 45

fluoroquinolone

Question 46

drug in the fluoroquinolone fam, works against gram + and - for UTI, second drug choice for gonorrhea: ______ absorption reduced by +__ and +__ ions, specifically __ and __ legal in animal feed as ____ _____ manufactured in ____ unusual adverse effect: ____

Answer 46

``` ciprofloxacin 2, 3 Ca, Mg growth enhancer China tendonitis ```

Question 47

fluoroquinolone drug with more broad spectrum that ciprofloxacin

Answer 47

levofloxacin

Question 48

drug that inhibits dna synthesis. treats Giardia: ____ | inhibits detoxification of ethanol

Answer 48

Flagyl

Question 49

drug that treats TB, combined with isoniazid

Answer 49

rifampin

Question 50

three drugs that increase cell membrane permeability, result in cell lysis: _____ used topically sold together as ____ _____ _____

Answer 50

polymyxin neomycin bacitracin triple antibiotic cream

Question 51

oral form of yeast infection: ____ | white patches and ulcers

Answer 51

thrush

Question 52

yeast is __karyotic

Answer 52

eu

Question 53

yeast drugs end in: _____ | inhibit the synthesis of _____

Answer 53

-azole | ergosterol

Question 54

drug that inhibits ergosterol: ______ used topically or as tablets treats vaginitis from candida albicans

Answer 54

Clotrimazole

Question 55

yeast drug available in shampoo | treats skin mycoses

Answer 55

Ketoconazole

Question 56

yeast drug available as cream or suppository

Answer 56

Miconazole

Question 57

yeast drug that requires prescription | can treat San Joaquin Valley fever or meningitis

Answer 57

Fluconazole