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Pharmacotherapeutics > Antibiotics Part 1 > Flashcards

Antibiotics Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Disinfectant

A

Used only on nonliving objects to kill organisms

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2
Q

Antiseptic

A

Applied exclusively to living tissue

Only inhibits the growth of microorganisms

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3
Q

Before beginning antibiotic therapy…

A

Suspected areas of infection should be cultured to identify the causative organism and potential antibiotic susceptibilities

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4
Q

Empiric Therapy

A

Treatment of an infection before specific culture information has been reported or obtained

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5
Q

Definitive Therapy

A

Antibiotic therapy tailored to treat organism identified with cultures

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6
Q

Prophylactic Therapy

A

Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in intra-abdominal surgery or after trauma

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7
Q

Superinfection

A

Normal flora is wiped out and allows another infection

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8
Q

Preventing Resistance

A

Limit the use of antimicrobial agents to the treatment of specific pathogens sensitive to the drug being used

Make sure doses are high enough, and the duration of drug therapy long enough

Be cautious about the indiscriminate use of anti-infectives

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9
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Treatment of UTIs, upper respiratory tract infections

Bactrim most commonly used

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10
Q

Adverse Effects of Sulfonamides

A

Blood adverse effects such as hemolytic and aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia

Photosensitivity (prone to sunburn)

Crystalluria (prone to kidney stones)

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11
Q

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

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12
Q

Penicillins

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin/tazobactam

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13
Q

Indications for Penicillins

A

Prevention and treatment of infections caused by gram positive bacteria such as Staphs and Streps

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14
Q

Adverse Effects of Penicillins

A

Commonly an allergy (urticaria, pruritus, angioedema)

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15
Q

Interactions of Penicillins

A

NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, Warfarin

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16
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Semisynthetic antibiotics
Similar to penicillins
Bactericidal action
Broad spectrum

17
Q

First Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefazolin (Ancef)

Given IV or IM

Used for surgical prophylaxis and for susceptible staphylococcal infections

18
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins

A

Cefuroxime (Zinacef)

Better gram-negative coverage than first generation

19
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins

A

Most potent group against gram-negative bacteria

Less active against gram-positive bacteria

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) IM and IV

20
Q

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

A

Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation, especially against gram-positive bacteria

Cefepime (Maxipime)

21
Q

Adverse Effects of Cephalosporins

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Potential cross-sensitivity to penicillins if allergies exist

22
Q

Carbapenems

A

Reserved for complicated body cavity and connective tissue infections in acutely ill hospitalized patients

Broadest antibacterial action of any antibiotics to date

Meropenem (Merrem)

23
Q

Monobactams

A

Aztreonam (Azactam)

Parenteral use only

Synthetics beta-lactam antibiotic; bactericidal

Used for moderately severe systemic infections and UTIs

24
Q

Macrolides

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax) and Clarithromycin (Biaxin)

Fidaxomicin (Dificid) is the newest macrolide; indicated only for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea

25
Q

Indications for Macrolides

A

Strep infections

Mild to moderate upper and lower respiratory tract infections

Spirochetal infections

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma

26
Q

Adverse Effects of Macrolides

A

GI effects, primarily with erythromycin (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

Azithromycin and Clarithromycin have fewer GI adverse effects, longer duration of action, better efficacy, and better tissue penetration

27
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Wide spectrum

Doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin)

Dairy products, antacids, and iron salts reduce oral absorption of tetracyclines

Should not be used in children under the age of 8 or in pregnant or lactating women because tooth discoloration will occur

28
Q

Adverse Effects of Tetracyclines

A

Alteration in intestinal flora may result in superinfection, diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis

May also cause vaginal candidiasis, gastric upset, enterocolitis, maculopapular rash

29
Q

Nursing Implications

A

It is ESSENTIAL to obtain cultures from appropriate sites BEFORE beginning antibiotic therapy

The most common adverse effects of antibiotics are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

All oral antibiotics are absorbed better if taken with 6-8 ounces of water

Pharmacotherapeutics (37 decks)

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