Antidepressants Flashcards Preview

Question 1

1

Iproniazid

Answer

~ block reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline
~ tricyclic antidepressant

Question 2

2

Name the side effects of Imipramine.

Answer

~ dry mouth
~ impaired muscular control in eye (blurred vision)
~ tachycardia
~ constipation
~ weight gain

Question 3

3

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer

depression is caused by a deficiency of monoamine NT e.g. noradrenaline + serotonin

Question 4

4

Name the evidence for the monoamine hypothesis.

Answer

1. drugs that reduce monoamine NT = depression
2. known antidepressants increase monoamine NT = alleviate depression

Question 5

5

Name the two discoveries that lead to the monoamine hypothesis.

Answer

(Ashcroft + Eccleston, 1960) - decreases serotonin and 5HT were found in brain autopsies of sucide victims
(Axelrod, 1961) - monoamine reuktake blocked by imipramine

Question 6

6

Serotonin + depression

Answer

serotonin transmission in raphe nuclei is decreased in depressed patients

Question 7

7

Problems with monoamine hypothesis 1.

Answer

~ Time lag between administration of drug and relief of depressive symptoms
~ antidepressants boost NA and 5HT levels immediately

Question 8

8

Problems with monoamine hypothesis 2.

Answer

~ Inconsistent findings regarding decreased NA and serotonin in depressed patients
~ maybe changes in NT receptors sensitivity mediate the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs (new theory, needs further investigation)

Question 9

9

SSRIs

Answer

a.k.a. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors e.g. Prozac
~ increase serotonergic activity
~ drugs are 1st choice for treating depression as they produce less severe side effects

Question 10

10

Side effects of SSRIs.

Answer

~ mild nausea
~ sexual dysfunction (symptoms decrease as treatment progress)

Question 11

11

Symptoms of depression.

Answer

~ cognitive (feelings of low self-worth + guilt)
~ physical (loss of appetite + insomnia)
~ emotional (persistently sad, anxious + hopelessness)
~ motivational (lack of motivation + aspiration)

Question 12

12

Iproniazid

Answer

~ 1st antidepressant
~ monoamine agonist
~ increases lvls of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine by inhibiting monoaminooxidase (MAO)

Question 13

13

Name the side effects of Iproniazid.

Answer

~ liver damage
~ disfunction in blood pressure control --> hypertensive crisis

Question 14

14

How can Iproniazid cause a hypertensive crisis?

Answer

~ it is a non-specific MAO blocker
~ blocks MAO-A which when inhibited takes only 10mg of tyramine to cause increased blood pressure

Question 15

15

Tyramine

Answer

amino acid found in mature cheese, red wine and marmite

Question 16

16

SSRI vs SNRI

Answer

~ study in healthy volunteers showed there was a right and wrong drug for people
~ compared effects of sertraline (SSRI) and reboxetine (SNRI)
~ some people did well on one and not on the other

Question 17

17

Sertraline

Answer

~ SSRI
~ causes emotional blunting

Question 18

18

Antidepressants + age

Answer

~ they stop working as well when you get to 65yr+ so augmenting strategies are used
~ common problem in Major Depressive Disorder

Question 19

19

SNRIs

Answer

A.k.a. serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
~ work similarly to SSRIs

Question 20

20

Iproniazid

Answer

~ MAOI
~ 1st antidepressant made, accidentally as meant to treat TB

Question 21

21

MAOIs

Answer

black the enzyme monoamine oxidase by irreversibly inhabiting it

Question 22

22

MAO

Answer

family of enzymes that metabolise + inactivate monoamine NT

Question 23

23

Reboxetine

Answer

~ SNRI
~ creates energised feelings

Question 24

24

Treatment-resistant depression

Answer

when normal anti-depressants don't work, solution is to try combination of SSRIs + other drugs
e.g. symbyax = prozac + zyprexa

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Antidepressants Flashcards Preview

PSYC317 > Antidepressants > Flashcards

Iproniazid

~ block reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline~ tricyclic antidepressant

Name the side effects of Imipramine.

~ dry mouth~ impaired muscular control in eye (blurred vision)~ tachycardia~ constipation~ weight gain

Monoamine hypothesis

depression is caused by a deficiency of monoamine NT e.g. noradrenaline + serotonin

Name the evidence for the monoamine hypothesis.

1. drugs that reduce monoamine NT = depression2. known antidepressants increase monoamine NT = alleviate depression

Name the two discoveries that lead to the monoamine hypothesis.

(Ashcroft + Eccleston, 1960) - decreases serotonin and 5HT were found in brain autopsies of sucide victims (Axelrod, 1961) - monoamine reuktake blocked by imipramine

Serotonin + depression

serotonin transmission in raphe nuclei is decreased in depressed patients

Problems with monoamine hypothesis 1.

~ Time lag between administration of drug and relief of depressive symptoms~ antidepressants boost NA and 5HT levels immediately

Problems with monoamine hypothesis 2.

~ Inconsistent findings regarding decreased NA and serotonin in depressed patients ~ maybe changes in NT receptors sensitivity mediate the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs (new theory, needs further investigation)

SSRIs

a.k.a. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors e.g. Prozac~ increase serotonergic activity~ drugs are 1st choice for treating depression as they produce less severe side effects

Side effects of SSRIs.

~ mild nausea~ sexual dysfunction (symptoms decrease as treatment progress)

Symptoms of depression.

~ cognitive (feelings of low self-worth + guilt)~ physical (loss of appetite + insomnia)~ emotional (persistently sad, anxious + hopelessness)~ motivational (lack of motivation + aspiration)

Iproniazid

~ 1st antidepressant~ monoamine agonist~ increases lvls of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine by inhibiting monoaminooxidase (MAO)

Name the side effects of Iproniazid.

~ liver damage~ disfunction in blood pressure control --> hypertensive crisis

How can Iproniazid cause a hypertensive crisis?

~ it is a non-specific MAO blocker~ blocks MAO-A which when inhibited takes only 10mg of tyramine to cause increased blood pressure

Tyramine

amino acid found in mature cheese, red wine and marmite

SSRI vs SNRI

~ study in healthy volunteers showed there was a right and wrong drug for people~ compared effects of sertraline (SSRI) and reboxetine (SNRI)~ some people did well on one and not on the other

Sertraline

~ SSRI~ causes emotional blunting

Antidepressants + age

~ they stop working as well when you get to 65yr+ so augmenting strategies are used~ common problem in Major Depressive Disorder

SNRIs

A.k.a. serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors~ work similarly to SSRIs

Iproniazid

~ MAOI~ 1st antidepressant made, accidentally as meant to treat TB

MAOIs

black the enzyme monoamine oxidase by irreversibly inhabiting it

MAO

family of enzymes that metabolise + inactivate monoamine NT

Reboxetine

~ SNRI~ creates energised feelings

Treatment-resistant depression

when normal anti-depressants don't work, solution is to try combination of SSRIs + other drugse.g. symbyax = prozac + zyprexa

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~ block reuptake of both serotonin and noradrenaline
~ tricyclic antidepressant

~ dry mouth
~ impaired muscular control in eye (blurred vision)
~ tachycardia
~ constipation
~ weight gain

1. drugs that reduce monoamine NT = depression
2. known antidepressants increase monoamine NT = alleviate depression

(Ashcroft + Eccleston, 1960) - decreases serotonin and 5HT were found in brain autopsies of sucide victims
(Axelrod, 1961) - monoamine reuktake blocked by imipramine

~ Time lag between administration of drug and relief of depressive symptoms
~ antidepressants boost NA and 5HT levels immediately

~ Inconsistent findings regarding decreased NA and serotonin in depressed patients
~ maybe changes in NT receptors sensitivity mediate the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs (new theory, needs further investigation)

a.k.a. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors e.g. Prozac
~ increase serotonergic activity
~ drugs are 1st choice for treating depression as they produce less severe side effects

~ mild nausea
~ sexual dysfunction (symptoms decrease as treatment progress)

~ cognitive (feelings of low self-worth + guilt)
~ physical (loss of appetite + insomnia)
~ emotional (persistently sad, anxious + hopelessness)
~ motivational (lack of motivation + aspiration)

~ 1st antidepressant
~ monoamine agonist
~ increases lvls of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine by inhibiting monoaminooxidase (MAO)

~ liver damage
~ disfunction in blood pressure control --> hypertensive crisis

~ it is a non-specific MAO blocker
~ blocks MAO-A which when inhibited takes only 10mg of tyramine to cause increased blood pressure

~ study in healthy volunteers showed there was a right and wrong drug for people
~ compared effects of sertraline (SSRI) and reboxetine (SNRI)
~ some people did well on one and not on the other

~ SSRI
~ causes emotional blunting

~ they stop working as well when you get to 65yr+ so augmenting strategies are used
~ common problem in Major Depressive Disorder

A.k.a. serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
~ work similarly to SSRIs

~ MAOI
~ 1st antidepressant made, accidentally as meant to treat TB

~ SNRI
~ creates energised feelings

when normal anti-depressants don't work, solution is to try combination of SSRIs + other drugs
e.g. symbyax = prozac + zyprexa