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Antigen-antibody Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

reacts only with antibodies produced by itself

A

antigen

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2
Q

recognize molecular shapes on antigen

A

antibodies

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3
Q

the better the fit of the epitope, the ___

A

the higher the affinity of the antibody for antigen

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4
Q

an interaction similar to lock and key

A

antigen-antibody reaction

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5
Q

molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies

A

immune complex

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6
Q

act as unitary object, effectively an antigen of itw own with a specific epitope

A

bound antigen and antibody

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7
Q

part of the antigen which combines with the antibody

A

epitope

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8
Q

epitope also known as?

A

antigenic determinant

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9
Q

epitope is the part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by:

A
  • antibodies
  • B cells
  • T cells
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10
Q

part of the antibody that recognizes the epitope

A

paratope

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11
Q

3 factors in the binding force of antigen-antibody reaction

A
  • closeness between ag-ab antibody
  • non-covalent bonds or intermolecular forces
  • affinity of antibody
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12
Q

The bonds that hold the antigen to the antibody combining site are all non- covalent in nature

A

non-covalent bonds or intermolecular forces

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13
Q

non-covalent bonds or intermolecular forces include?

A
  • hydrogen bonds
  • electrostatic bonds
  • Van der Waals forces
  • hydrophobic bonds
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14
Q

properties of ag-ab reaction

A
  • affinity
  • avidity
  • cross reaction
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15
Q

affinity and avidity are both measures of?

A

binding strength

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16
Q

Measure of the binding strength at a single binding site

A

affinity

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17
Q

Measure of the total strength

A

avidity

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18
Q

applications of ag-ab reaction (5)

A
  • Determination of blood groups for transfusion
  • Serological exposure to infectious agents
  • Development of immunoassays for the
    quantification of various substances
  • To detect the presence or absence of protein in serum
  • Determining the characteristics of certain
    immunodeficiency disease
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19
Q

types of ag-ab reactions

8

A
  • Agglutination
  • Precipitation
  • Complement Fixation
  • ELISA
  • Immunofluorescence
  • Radioimmunoassay
  • Immunofixation
  • Immunoelectrophoresis
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20
Q

a particular Ag is mixed with its Ab’s in the presence electrolytes at a suitable temperature and pH

A

agglutination

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21
Q

The Ab of the serum causes the cellular Ag’s to form clumps, and these are called ___

A

Agglutinins

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22
Q

participate antigens that are aggregated

A

agglutinogens

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23
Q

rapid method to determine the presence of agglutinating antibodies

A

slide agglutination

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24
Q

agglutination is the test used for?

A

blood grouping and cross matching

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25
sol'n needed for agglutination
antiserum and nss
26
a standard method for quantitative estimation of Ab
tube agglutination
27
a tube with no antiserum is the
control tube
28
the tube that shows highest agglutination is referred to as?
titer
29
tube agglutination is used for the serological diagnosis of?
- typhoid fever - brucellosis - typhus fever
30
test for determining antibody titer
tube agglutination
31
antigen binds with Fab sites of two antibodies forming bridges between antigens
lattice formation (clumping)
32
what agglutination principle in which an antigen reagent produced by treating RBCs with tannic acid to allow adsorption of protein antigens
passive hemagglutination
33
what agglutination principle in which the antigen in reagent is attached to latex particle
Passive Latex agglutination
34
test for agglutination inhibition posi: nega:
posi = **no agglutination** nega = **agglutination**
35
AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION If patient has antigen for which you are testing, the reagent antibody will be bound in step 1 and unavailable to react with the indicator, what could be the result?
positive
36
If patient does not have the antigen, reagent antibody is not bound in step 1 andis available to react with indicator, what could be the result? | AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION
negative
37
Hemagglutination inhibition is the test for?
rubella
38
examples of inhibition reactions (tests)
- hemagglutination inhibition test - latex agglutination inhibition test
39
When a soluble Ag combines with its Ab in the presence of an electrolyte (NaCI) at a particular temperature and pH
precipitation
40
ab causing precipitation
precipitin
41
enumerate the examples of precipitation principle | DSII
- double diffusion: **ouchterlony** - single diffusion: **radial immunodiffusion** - immunoelectrophoresis - immunofixation
42
Lysis of rbc or bacteria requires non-specific unstable components of fresh serum
complement fixation
43
unstable components of fresh serum
complement
44
complement fixation test posi = nega =
P = **no hemolysis** N = **hemolysis**
45
If complement is fixed in step 1, it will not be available to combine with indicator, what could be the result?
positive
46
Complement was not bound in step 1 and is available to react with indicator, what could be the result?
negative
47
complement fixation is used only for what antibodies?
IgM
48
limitations of complement fixation
- Serum MUST be heat inactivated - Stored serum becomes anticomplementary - Elaborate QC and standardization required - Only used for IgM ANTIBODIES
49
enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA/ELISA) was known to be the?
sandwich technique
50
sample needed for ELISA
serum
51
ELISA improper washing could lead to?
false positive
52
ELISA absorbance is ____ proportional to antigen concentration
directly proportional
53
examples of ELISA
- HIV testing - serum HCG (pregnancy) - test for hepatitis antigens and antibodies - antibodies to bacteria and viruses
54
the property of absorbing light rays of one particular wavelength and emitting rays with a different wave length.
immunofluorescence
55
fluorescent dyes show up brightly under?
UV light
56
▪ add fluorescein-labelled antibody to patient tissue ▪ wash & examine under florescent microscope what type of immunofluorescence?
direct
57
▪ Add patient serum to reagent (tissue containing known antigen) ▪ wash, add fluorescein labelled antiglobulin ▪ wash & examine under fluorescent microscope what type of immunofluorescence?
indirect
58
examples of HF
- testing for *antinuclear antibodies* (ANA) - fluorescent treponemal antibody test (FTA-Abs)
59
VERY SENSITIVE and SPECIFIC, Can be used for detecting antigen or antibody
radioimmunoassay
60
The ___the radioactive count, the __ the concentration of unlabeled antigen (patient)
The LOWER the radioactive count, the HIGHER the concentration of unlabeled antigen (patient)
61
a series of points that are arranged in a distinct pattern
lattice
62
this uses antibodies to detect and quantitate the amount of antigen (analyte) in a sample.
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
63
enumerate the nonlattice (more sensitive) tests
- immunoassays - nephelometry
64
enumerate the lattice (less sensitive) tests | always remember the **CRROII**
- counter current immunoelectrophoresis (complement fixation, agglutination, flocculation) - rocket electrophoresis - radial immunodiffusion - ouchterlony (double immunodiffusion) - immunofixation - immunoelectrophoresis
65
enumerate the immunoassays
**REF** - radial immunoassay - enzyme immunoassay - fluorescent immunoassay
66
higher vs. lower sensitivity (mg/ml)
H = 0.001 mg/ml L = 500 mg/ml

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