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Principles of dizzees > Antimicrobial chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial chemotherapy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

Antimicorbial that kills bacteria

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2
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them

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3
Q

A strain of bacteria that is killed/inhibited by an antimicrobial at the site of infection is …

A

Sensitive

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4
Q

What does it mean if a strain of bacteria is resistant?

A

It is not killed/inhibited by that antimicrobial

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5
Q

What is the MBC?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration - minimum concentration of a given bactericidal antimicrobial needed to kill a given bacteria

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6
Q

What is the MIC?

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration - minimum concentration of an bacteriostatic antimicrobial needed to inhibit the growth of a given bacteria

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7
Q

What are the 3 routes of administration of anitbiotics?

A

Topical
Oral
Parenteral - IV, IM or sub-cutaneously (sometimes)

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8
Q

What are the 3 ways that an antibiotic can kill bacteria?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Inhibit protein synthesis

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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9
Q

What are the types of antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, and how do they work?

A

Beta-lactams:
- Inhibit enzyme that cross links PG cell wall

Glycopeptides:
- Inhibit assembly of peptidoglycan precursor

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10
Q

Give the 2 types of Beta-lactams

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

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11
Q

Give the 2 types of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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12
Q

What are the types of protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Aminoglycosides

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

Oxazolidinones

Cyclic lipopeptides

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13
Q

Describe how aminoglycosides work.

A

Insert the wrong amino acid in chain during translation

Gentamicin

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14
Q

Describe how Macrolides work

A

Prevent formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation

Erythromycin

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15
Q

True of false

Macrolides, like erythromycin, are used to treat gram negative infections, if the patient is allergic to penicillin

A

False

It is used as an alternative to penicillin for treating gram POSITIVE infections

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16
Q

Tetracyclines are another type of antibiotic.

How do they work?

A

Stop codon - anticodon binding by tRNA during translation, thus stopping protein synthesis

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17
Q

Give an example of an oxazolidinone, and describe how they work.

A

Linezolid

Cleaves the ribosome into two pieces

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18
Q

Which class of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotic works by changing the curvature of the bacteria membrane?

A

Cyclic lipopeptides

Changes curvature, creating holes which ions leak out/in through

Depolarization and loss of membrane potential

Protein, DNA, RNA synthesis all stops so the bacteria dies

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19
Q

Give an example of a cyclic lipopeptide

A

Daptomycin

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20
Q

What drug is used to inhibit purine synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

Together = co-trimoxazole

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21
Q

What are purine synthesis inhibitors used to treat?

A

UTI

Chest infections (as an alternative to cephalosporins)

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22
Q

Fluoroquinones are a type of…

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

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23
Q

How are fluoroquinones administered?

A

Orally and parenterally

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24
Q

Fluoroquinones are particularly effective against Gram _____ organisms

25
What demographic is unsuitable for treatment using fluoroquinones?
Children Interferes with cartilage growth
26
Gram negative organisms are always resistant to what antibiotic?
Vancomycin
27
How do bacteria acquire resistance?
Via spontaneous mutation or by receiving resistance genes from other bacteria via plasmids or transposons
28
Describe the problems being caused by Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by some strains of bacteria It cleaves the B-lactam ring of the antibiotic thus it becomes ineffective Common with gram negative bacteria and most hospital strains of Staph. aureus
29
Why is alteration of the penicillin binding protein (PBP) target site a problem?
B-lactams target this to prevent cross bridge formation, which would stop cell wall synthesis Mutations mean that penicillin and cephalosporins are unable to bind to this Methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) is an example of a bacteria type with this alteration
30
Aminoglycosides can only be administered...
Parenterally
31
Give a commonly used aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
32
Glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, are used to treat gram _____ bacteria that are both _____ and ______
Gram positive Both aerobic and anaerobic
33
Erythromycin is: A) a macrolide, used to treat gram negative and positive organisms B) a macrolide, used to treat only gram positive bacteria and never gram negative C) a glycopeptide, that only treats gram negative bacteria D) a macrolide, that is mainly used to treat gram positive organisms
D Erythromycin is a type of macrolide Mainly used to treat gram positive organisms, as an alternative to penicillin
34
Quinolones are active against what type of organisms?
Gram negative Only treatment option against pseudomas
35
Metronidazole is effective against ______, both gram positive and negative
Anaerobes
36
Fusidic acid targets a specific species of bacteria. What is this species?
Staphylococcus
37
Trimethoprim is used to treat what type of infection?
Urinary tract infection Also chest infections when given with other antibiotics
38
Staphylococci and streptococci are both types of gram _____
Gram positive bacteria
39
What are some common side effects produced by anti-microbials?
``` Gastrointestinal problems Thrush Liver toxicity Renal toxicity Neurological toxicity Haematological toxicity ```
40
What is monotherapy?
Treatment using only one antimicrobial drug
41
WHat are the general rules regarding if a combined treatment will be additive, synergistic or antagonistic?
Two bactericidal or two bacteriostatic = additive or synergistic One of each = antagonistic
42
What is the simplest test, used in labs to determine the MIC?
E-test
43
Polyenes are a type of anti-fungal drug. Describe why they are effective on fungi but not bacteria
Polyenes bind to ergosterol Ergosterol is present in fungal cell walls, but not bacterial cell walls
44
Why are polyenes toxic?
They bind to other 'sterols' as well as ergosterol Thus they can bind and have an effect on cholesterol on the surface of human cells
45
How do azoles work?
Inhibit ergosterol synthesis so Fungal cell wall can't be synthesised
46
How do allylamines work?
Suppress ergosterol synthesis (at a different stage to azoles)
47
How do echinocandins work?
Inhibit the synthesis of glucan, a polysaccharide needed by many types of fungi
48
What are the types of virucidal drugs?
There aren't any All anti-virals are virustatic (stop growth/replication) You can't kill a virus
49
Aciclovir targets what family of viruses?
Herpes
50
In general, anti-herpes drugs follow what naming rule?
They end in 'ovir' Valicicl'ovir'
51
Interfero A is a protein that is used to treat what disease?
Hep B and C
52
Benzyl penicillin is used to treat Gram _____ bacteria
Gram positive bacteria
53
Amoxicillin & ampicillin can be used to treat Gram ______ infections
Gram negative
54
What is Co-amoxiclav made up of, and what is it used to treat
Amoxicillin & beta lactamase enzyme inhibitor Used to treat Beta lactamase producing coliforms
55
What is flucloxacillin used to treat
Staphylococcal bacterial infections
56
Piperacillin is used to treat Gram _____ bacteria
Gram negative
57
What are imipenem & meropenem?
Carbapenems | close relatives of penicillins
58
Cephradine, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone & ceftazidime are all types of ____
Cephalosporins Beta lactams

Principles of dizzees (28 decks)

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