Antimicrobials Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
antimicrobials are…
A
Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
2
Q
what are the ways antimicrobials affect microorganisms? (4)
A
- bactericidal
- bacteriostatic
- virucidal
- fungicidal
3
Q
what route of administration can antimicrobials be given? (3)
A
- orally
- parenterally,
- topically
4
Q
what are the groups of antimicrobials? (2)
A
- Drugs for external application
2. Drugs for internal administration
5
Q
what are the types of antimicrobials for external application? (2)
A
Disinfectants
and
antiseptics
6
Q
what are disinfectants and antiseptics?
A
chemical agents
7
Q
what are disinfectants and antiseptics used for?
A
to decrease microbe numbers in the environment
8
Q
how do disinfectants and antiseptics agent vary?
A
- spectrum of activity
- environmental condition required for proper use
- individual characteristics
9
Q
what are the types of anitmicrobials intended for internal application? (2)
A
antibiotics
and
antifungals
10
Q
what are the requirments for successful use? (3)
A
- Microorganism be susceptible to antimicrobial
- Antimicrobial reach site of infection in high enough concentrations
- Animal tolerate antimicrobial and its side effects
11
Q
what is antibiotic susceptibility?
A
the effectiveness of an antibiotic in inhibiting the growth of bacteria
12
Q
how is antibiotic susceptibility measured?
A
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
13
Q
what is antibiotic resistance?
A
bacteria’s ability to not be affected by an antibiotic
14
Q
how can antibiotic resistant occur? (2)
A
- can be the result of genetic mutations in individual bacteria that are passed on to future generations
- inappropriate administration of antibiotics
15
Q
what are the mechanisms by which antimicrobials affect bacteria?
A
- inhibit cell wall formation
- change the permeability of the cell membrane
- inhibit protein synthesis
- interfere w/ metabolism
- damage bacterial DNA or RNA
16
Q
what are some antibiotic drugs? (8)
A
Penicillins Cephalosporins Aminoglycosides Quinolones Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Lincosamides Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides
17
Q
what antibiotic was the first widely used antibiotic?
A
penicillin
18
Q
when was penicillin developed?
A
1940’s
19
Q
how does penicillin affect bacteria?
A
formation of bacterial cell wall in actively growing bacteria
20
Q
how can penicillin be administered? (2)
A
oral
and
parenteral
21
Q
which penicillin is not absorbed well orally
A
Pen. G
22
Q
which penicillin should be given with food?
A
amoxicillin
23
Q
what tissue is penicillin not distributed to?
A
CNS
24
Q
what form is penicillin eliminated in?
A
unchanged
25
what treatment is penicillin great for?
urinary tract infections
26
what is penicillins spectrum of activity? (2)
G+ bacteria
| anaerobic bacteria
27
what do penicillin resistant G+ bacteria secrete?
β-lactamase enzyme
28
what does the β-lactamase enzyme do to penicillin?
disrupts the structure of the penicillin molecule
29
what drug can inactivate β-lactamase enzyme? (2)
Clavulonic Acid
and
Sulbactum
30
what are some possible allergic reactions with penicillin?
1. fever
2. swollen lymph nodes
3. facial swelling
4. skin rash
5. shock
31
what are some concerns with oral administration?
Possible anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
32
which antibiotics can cause superinfection in guinea pigs? (2)
1. Penicillin
| 2. Lincosamide
33
which antibiotic has similar properties as penicilin?
Cephalosporins
34
which cephalosporin is a Semi-synthetic, broad spectrum injectable?
Convenia (cefovecin)
35
how long are the effects of Convenia (cefovecin)?
2 weeks
36
what is convenia effect against in dogs and cats?
skin issues
37
what is convenia effective against in cats?
UTI
38
which bacteria is convenia not effective against?
pseudomonas
39
which cephalosporin is administerd SID for skin infectinons?
Cefpodoxime (Simplicef)
40
how does penicillin affect bacteria?
Inhibit the formation of the cell wall in actively growing bacteria
41
which antibiotics should penicillin not be given with?
bacteriostatic antibiotics
42
what must be observed in food animals given penicillin?
withdrawal times
43
how can cephalosporins be administered? (2)
parenteral
or
oral
44
what can cause cephalosporins to be absorbed slowly?
presence of food
45
what tissue is cephalosporins not distributed to?
CNS
46
what form is cephalosporins excreted in?
unchanged or change
47
how is cephalosporins metabolized and eliminated? (2)
liver
and
kidney
48
what is the spectrum of activity for first generation cephalosporines?
G+ bacteria
49
what is the spectrum of activity for second and third generation cephalosporines?
G+ and some G- bacteria
50
which bacteria is cephalosorines ineffective against?
G+ that secretes β-lactamase enzyme
51
what are some possible allergic reactions with cephalosporines? (5)
```
fever
swollen lymph nodes
facial swelling
skin rash
shock
```
52
what may happen when injecting cephalosporins IM?
pain
53
what can giving cephalosprins orally cause?
vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia
54
which antibiotics should you not use cephalosporins with?
bacteriostatic antibiotics
55
what can happen if overdosed with cephalosporins?
Potentially toxic to kidneys
56
what should be observed with cephalosporins?
Observe withdrawal times
57
which antibiotic has ver long withdrawal times?
aminoglycosides
58
which antibiotic is a very powerful G-
| antibiotic?
aminoiglycoside
59
what animal considerations are aminoglycosides not used in?
food animals
60
how does aminoglycosides affect bacteria?
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by attaching to the bacterial ribosome
61
what is the polarity of aminoglycosides at physiologic pH?
Hydrophilic
62
where are aminoglycosides not absorbed well from? (2)
GI tract
or
uterus
63
what route are aminoglycosides absorbed from well?
parenterally
64
what tissue is aminoglycoside not distributed to?
CNS
65
where does aminoglycosides accumulate? (2)
inner ear tissues
and
kidney
66
what can accumulation of aminoglycosides lead to?
leading to toxicity
67
how is aminoglycosides eliminated?
by the kidney
68
what is the spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides?
G- and some G+
69
which bacteria are aminoglycosides not effective against?
anaerobic bacteria
70
what medical condition should aminoglycoside not be given with?
renal disease or poor renal blood perfusio
71
what aminoglycosides should NOT be put in a syringe with penicillin? (4)
Why?
1. Gentamicin
2. amikacin
3. kanamycin
4. tobramycin
They inactivate each other
72
what can inactivate aminoglycosides?
organic debris
73
which animal should aminoglycosides not be used in?
adult food animals
74
which group of antibiotics is teh newest?
quinolones
75
what are quinolones reserved for?
treatment of more serious infections
76
how does quinolones affect bacteria?
Disruption of bacterial DNA molecule
77
how can quinolones be administered? (2)
oral
or
parenteral
78
what species is GI absorption of quinolones poor in?
mature ruminants
79
what can cause quinolone to absorb more slowly?
presence of food
80
what tissue is quinolone not distributed to?
CNS
81
where are quinolones metabolized?
liver
82
where are quinolone metabolites eliminated? (2)
urine
and
bile
83
what is the spectrum of activity or quinolones?
most G- and some G+ bacteria
84
which bacteria are quinolones not effective against?
anaerobic bacteria
85
what damage can quinolones cause?
articular cartilage of growing dogs and horses
86
what condition should quinolones not be given with?
pregnant animals
87
what reactions can occur with quinolones? (3)
Vomiting
nausea
diarrhea
88
what antibiotics can cause crystal formation in the urine? (2)
1. quinolones
| 2. sulfonamides
89
which is the oldest group of antibiotics?
tetracyclines
90
which antibiotic is mostly used in large animals?
tetracyclines
91
how does tetracycline affect bacteria?
Bind to bacterial ribosomes and disrupt protein synthesis
92
what routes can tetracycline be administered? (2)
oral
or
parenteral
93
what products can interfere with the absortion of tetracycline in the GIT? (3)
1. dairy products
2. antidiarrheal agents
3. antacids
94
what tissue is tetracycline not distributed to?
CNS
95
how is tetracycline eliminated?
Excreted through bile but most reabsorbed from intestine then eliminated through renal excretion
96
what is the spectrum of activity for tetracyclines?
```
G+ and G- bacteria
rickettsia
spirochetes
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
```
97
what antibiotic can cause yellow dicoloration of teeth and bones in younge growing animals?
tetracycline
98
what can tetracycline cause in a fetus?
retardation of bone growth
99
what medical condition should tetracycline not be given to?
renal disease
100
what antibiotics should not be given with tetracycline?
penicillin
and
cephalosporin
101
which antibiotic is one of the oldest used in animals?
sulfonamide
and
potentiated sulfonamide
102
waht are potentiated sulfonamides?
Used in combination to increase spectrum of activity
103
how does sulfonamides affect bacteria?
Interfere with the formation of folic acid by bacteria
104
how do potentiated sulfonamides affect bacteria?
bacteriocidal
105
what routes can sulfonamides be administered?
oral
106
what tissue is sulfonamide not distributed to?
CNS
107
where is sulfonamide metabolized?
liver
108
when are sulfonamides eliminated?
Metabolites are excreted in urine
| unchanged molecules are also excreted in urine
109
what is the spectrum of active for sulfonamides?
G+ and G- bacteria
| some protozoa
110
what allergic reactions can occur with sulfonamides?
fever
facial swelling
rashes
shock
111
what antibiotic can cause bone marrow suppression with prolonged use?
sulfonamides
112
which antibiotics can cause KCS in some dogs?
sulfonamides
113
what bacteria is metronidazole effective against? (2)
1. anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium)
| 2. some protozoa (Giardia)
114
what kind of an effect does metronidazole have on the GIT?
Anti-iflammatory
115
when can metonidazole become toxic? (2)
high dose
and
prolonged use
116
what are the signs of toxicity?
CNS abnormalities
117
what is another used for metronidazole?
symptomatic treatment
118
which antibiotic is used to treat G+ anaerobic bacteria?
Lincosamide
119
which antibiotic can be both bacterocidal and bacteriostatic?
lincosamide
120
how does lincosamide affect bacteria?
Bind to bacterial ribosome and interfere w/ protein synthesis
121
what routes can lincosamide be administered? (2)
parenteral
and
oral
122
what tissue is lincosamide not distributed to?
CNS
123
where is lincosamide metabolized?
liver
124
how is lincosamide eliminated? (2)
urine
and
bile
125
which antibiotic is a powerful broad spectrum antibiotic occasionally used in animals?
chloramphenicol
126
what animals should chloramphenicol not be used in?
food animals
127
how does chloramphenicol affect bacteria?
Binds the bacterial ribosome and interferes w/ protein synthesis
128
what routes can chloramphenicol be administered?
oral
129
what tissues does chloramphenicol penetrate?
Penetrates all tissues, including the CNS
130
where is chloramphenicol metabolized?
liver
131
how is chloramphenicol eliminated? (2)
urine
and
bile
132
what bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against? (2)
G+ and G- bacteria
| rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
133
what can chloramphenicol suppress in mammals?
bone marrow
134
when should chloramphenicol not be used?
animals w/ liver disease
135
which species have a decrased abilty to metabolize chloramphenicol?
Cats
136
which antibiotics should chloramphenicol not be given with? (2)
penicillins
or
cephalosporins
137
which antibiotics inhibit cell wall formation? (2)
1. penicillin
| 2. cephalosporines
138
which antibiotics affect protein synthesis? (4)
1. aminoglycosides
2. tetracyclines
3. chloramphenicol
4. lincosamides
139
which antibiotic affects DNA molecule?
quinolones
140
which antibiotic disrups folic acid synthesis?
sulfonamides and potentiated sulfonamides
141
which antibiotics are only absorbed orally? (2)
1. chloramphenical
| 2. sulfonamides
142
which antibiotic accumulates in the inner ear and kidneys?
aminoglycosides
143
which antibiotics are not metabolized? (3)
1. penicillin
2. aminoglycosides
3. tetracyclines
144
which antibiotics are secreted in urine and bile? (3)
1. quinolones
2. chloramphenicol
3. lincosamides
145
which antibiotic is secreted by urine bile and in the intestines?
tetracyclines
146
which antibiotics are not effective with anaerobic bacteria? (2)
1. aminoglycosides
| 2. quinolones
147
which antibiotis can do protozoas? (4)
1. metronidazole
2. tetracyclines
3. chloramphenicol
4. sulfonamides
148
which antibiotic is hydrophilic and can only be given parenterally?
aminoglycosides
149
which anibiotic would you use to treat a localized infection in the uterus or GIT?
amnoglycosides
