Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

what is the sequence of pharmacokinetics? (4)

Answer 1

1. drug absortion
2. drug distribution
3. metabolism
4. drug elimination

Question 2

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

the movement and proceess of a drug in the body

Question 3

what are the concepts of pharmacology? (5)

Answer 3

1. Therapeutic range
2. Dosage regimen
3. Route of administration
4. Pharmacokinetics
5. Drug effect

Question 4

Drug absortion is…

Answer 4

the movement of the drug from the administration site into systemic circulation

Question 5

how is drug absorption affected? (6)

Answer 5

1. route
2. hydrophilic/lipophilic
3. drug form
4. GIT condition
5. liver metabolism
6. blood perfusion

Question 6

which routes allow for systemic distribution? (5)

Answer 6

1. IV
2. IM
3. SQ
4. IP
5. intramedulary

Question 7

what affects the route of administration?

how is drug affected?

Answer 7

physical barriers

onset of effect is slower

Question 8

what can effect drug distribution?

how?

Answer 8

protein binding

makes molecule to large to pass through tissue

Question 9

drug distribution is…

Answer 9

drug being transported to systemic circulation

Question 10

once in systemic circulation where is drug distributed?

Answer 10

target tissue

Question 11

where is the main area of drug metabolism?

Answer 11

liver

Question 12

what is drug metabolism?

Answer 12

drug is metabolised by the liver before it can have an effect on the body

Question 13

what are some drug interaction during metabolism? (2)

Answer 13

1. competative inhibition

2. enzyme induction

Question 14

what happens during drug metabolism?

Answer 14

enzymes in the body transform drugs into secondary compounds

Question 15

what happens during the first step of drug metabolism?

Answer 15

origional drug is transformed into metabolite 1

Question 16

what happens during the second step of drug metabolism?

Answer 16

metabolite 1 is transformed into metabolite 2

Question 17

what are secondary compounds

Answer 17

metabolites

Question 18

what polarity are metabolites?

Answer 18

hydrophilics

Question 19

where are metalolite excreted?

Answer 19

urine

Question 20

what chemicals does metabolite 1 combine with? (3)

Answer 20

1. glucuronic acid
2. sulfate
3. glycine

Question 21

drug elimination is…

Answer 21

removal of drugs from the body

Question 22

where does drug elimination occur? (2)

Answer 22

kidney
and
liver

Question 23

what can poor renal flow cause with drug elimination lead to?

Answer 23

toxicity

Question 24

where are drugs primarily transformed?

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

what factors determine route of administration? (2)

Answer 25

drug form and route

Question 26

what are some administration routes?

Answer 26

1. topical 2. oral 3. inhalant 4. parenteral

Question 27

dosage interval is...

Answer 27

length of time between doses

Question 28

dose is...

Answer 28

amount given at one time

Question 29

blood perfusion is...

Answer 29

alteration of blood flow affecting absorption rate

Question 30

what determines dosage regimen? (2)

Answer 30

dose and dosage interval

Question 31

dose regimen is...

Answer 31

the amount, frequency, and duration of a drug administration

Question 32

how is a theraputic range maintained?

Answer 32

if amount entering = amount leaving

Question 33

what part of theraputic range can be controlled?

Answer 33

amount entering

Question 34

what part of theraputic range CAN NOT be controlled?

Answer 34

amount leaving

Question 35

theraputic range is...

Answer 35

plasma concentration at which a drug exerts its desired affect

Question 36

what GI conditon can affect absorption? (3)

Answer 36

1. abnormal motility 2. mucosal inflammation 3. loss of epithelial cells

Question 37

what determins the process of pharmacokinetics? (2)

Answer 37

nature of drug and bodys response to drug

Question 38

what is the polarity affect of drugs?

Answer 38

molecules ability to move across physical barriers

Question 39

how does solid drug form affect absorption?

Answer 39

must be broken down before absorpiton

Question 40

what is the lipophilic drugs effect?

Answer 40

diffuse across cellular membranes

Question 41

which drug route is for lipophilc drugs?

Answer 41

oral

Question 42

what is the hydrophilic drugs effect?

Answer 42

diffuse through fluids between cells

Question 43

which drug route is for hydrophilic drugs?

Answer 43

parenteral

Question 44

what is bioavailability?

Answer 44

the portion of drug that makes it to systemic circulation

Question 45

what van affect the concentration reached by a drug in the blood stream? (2)

Answer 45

1. the fluid volume into which it will be distributed | 2. The extent to which it will be distributed throughout the body

Question 46

non-receptor mediated drugs are...

Answer 46

drugs that exert therin effect with/out binding to a receptor

Question 47

what cellular effects are observed after drug bind to receptor? (3)

Answer 47

1. secretion of a substance 2. contraction of muscle cells 3. cell death

Question 48

what is the action of an agonist drug?

Answer 48

has affinity and efficacy

Question 49

what is the action of an partial agonist drug?

Answer 49

has affinity but poor efficacy

Question 50

what is the action of antagonist drug?

Answer 50

NO action

Question 51

what are the different types of drug effects?

Answer 51

1. agonist 2. partial agonist 3. antagonist

Question 52

what is drug effect?

Answer 52

when a drug combines with cellular receptors to exert their effect

Question 53

what is the componet to drug effect?

Answer 53

cellular receptors

Question 54

what are some possible drug residue effects? (3)

Answer 54

1. allergies 2. carcinogens 3. bacterial resistance

Question 55

why are withdrawal time so important?

Answer 55

drug residues can be dangerous for people

Question 56

what is a drugs half life?

Answer 56

the amount of time it take for drugs in the blood to decrease by 1/2

Question 57

what is drug half life used to determine? (2)

Answer 57

dosage interval and withdrawal time

Question 58

what does drug elimination depend on?

Answer 58

drugs half life