AP bio chapt 9

Question 1

DNA and its role in heredity: Needed to show the three following…

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Evidence: DNA in the Nucleus

Answer 2

Nuclein; Precipitation of DNA from White blood cell (WBC)

Question 3

In 1868, Miescher:

Answer 3

Was extracting DNA from puss in wounds

Question 4

Evidence: Doubles in the cell cycle

Answer 4

Flow Cytometry

Question 5

Evidence: Twice as much in diploid cells

Answer 5

Further flow cytometry

Question 6

Evidence: DNA is transmitted

Answer 6

NAME?

Question 7

Bacteriophage:

Answer 7

Virus that attacks bacteria

Question 8

Elucidating the structure of DNA: Why so key to know DNA structure? 2 important q’s:

Answer 8

1. How is DNA replicated between cell division

Question 9

Elucidating the structure of DNA: Crucial piece of evidence…

Answer 9

Crucial piece of evidence came from x-ray diffraction. Roseland Franklin

Question 10

NAME?

Answer 10

Found: 2/28/1953

Question 11

Double Helix: 4 key features:

Answer 11

1. Double stranded.

Question 12

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 12

DNA from many species exhibited the certain regularities.

Question 13

Structure Confers Function: 4

Answer 13

1. Storage of genetic information

Question 14

Structure confers function: 1. Storage of genetic information

Answer 14

We are looking at the nucleotide sequence: summarize by saying “Variations = differences”

Question 15

Structure confers function: 2. Precise replication during cell division

Answer 15

complementary base pairing. This was huge as we now have a way of copying

Question 16

Structure confers function: 3. Susceptibility to mutations

Answer 16

Change in sequence

Question 17

Structure confers function: 4. Expression of coded information as phenotypes

Answer 17

DNA –> RNA –> Proteins

Question 18

DNA replication is semiconservative:

Answer 18

They realized there must be a copying mechanism. Each parental strand is a template.

Question 19

DNA replication is semiconservative: 2 general steps:

Answer 19

1. DNA unwound

Question 20

DNA replication is semiconservative: Ways to read the DNA.

Answer 20

The parent strand is read in a 3’ to 5’ manner. Nucleotides are added 5’ to 3’ direction.

Question 21

Nucleotides added to new strand of DNA on 3’ end:

Answer 21

DYKNOW NOV 9 slide 5 look up and understand

Question 22

Origin of Replication

Answer 22

• Many ORi’s: 10,000-40,000 bases

Question 23

DNA Replication and Primase: A ___ ___ is needed

Answer 23

Starter Strand is needed: primer

Question 24

DNA Replication and Primase: Most of time is:

Answer 24

RNA

Question 25

DNA Replication and Primase: _____ to template DNA

Answer 25

Complementary

Question 26

DNA Replication and Primase: Enzyme used called _______: definition

Answer 26

Primase: Able to add RNA nucleotides to the enzymatic strand to our replication complex getting started

Question 27

DNA Replication and Primase: Primer of RNA is eventually ______ and the whole strand is ____

Answer 27

degraded; DNA

Question 28

DNA Replication and Primase: _____ ______ catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the growing strand

Answer 28

DNA Polymerase

Question 29

DNA Polymerase:

Answer 29

15 ID'd DNA polymerase in humans

Question 30

DNA Replication - Strand

Answer 30

Function is to replace the primer.

Question 31

DNA Replication: Each ____ ____ requires...

Answer 31

Each Okazaki Fragment requires its own primer, synthesized by the primase.

Question 32

DNA Replication: ____ ____ adds nucleotides to the...

Answer 32

DNA polymerase adds nucleotieds to the 3' end until reaching the primer of the previous fragment.

Question 33

DNA Replication: A _____ ___ ______ then ______ ____ _____ with DNA.

Answer 33

A different DNA polymerase then replaces the primer with DNA.

Question 34

DNA Replication: The Final ________ linkage between fragments...

Answer 34

The Final phosphodiester linkage between fragments is catalzyed by DNA ligase.

Question 35

The Terminal Primer: Okazaki fragments are

Answer 35

Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand

Question 36

The Terminal Primer: When the last primer is removed...

Answer 36

When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3' end to extend -- a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end.

Question 37

The terminal primer: These are cut after...

Answer 37

These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after each cell division

Question 38

Telomeres

Answer 38

The area that gets chopped off at the end of cell division put a cap on the end to stabilize

Question 39

Telomerase:

Answer 39

The little lights at the end of the chromosome are called telomeres. They are highly repetitive.

Question 40

The older we get the shorter our _____ get.

Answer 40

telomerase

Question 41

Can add an RNA template with ______

Answer 41

telomerase.

Question 42

Telomeres: Facts

Answer 42

#NAME?

Question 43

Telomerase: Facts

Answer 43

#NAME?

Question 44

PCR -Polymerase Chain Reaction: Materials needed:

Answer 44

#NAME?

Question 45

PCR Figure 9: 15

Answer 45

...

Question 46

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Answer 46

Two flavors of this. The top one is occurring while replication is taking place.

Question 47

Genetic mutations: Somatic

Answer 47

All but germ line DNA

Question 48

Genetic Mutations: Germline

Answer 48

Germline DNA

Question 49

Mutations can occur in:

Answer 49

Either coding or non-coding regions.

Question 50

Point Mutations

Answer 50

One nucleotide is different/single nucleotide change

Question 51

Point Mutations: list:

Answer 51

Silent

Question 52

Point mutations: silent

Answer 52

Silent: No effect

Question 53

Point mutations: Loss of function

Answer 53

loss of function of either the gene, or protein, or mRNA is non-functional

Question 54

Point mutations: Gain-of-Function

Answer 54

when you have a single nucleotide change, the mutation causes new protein function. If dominant inheritance; "always on"

Question 55

Point mutations: Conditional

Answer 55

Restrictive - mutant phenotype being expressed

Question 56

Point mutations: slide 12 dyknow nov 12

Answer 56

...

Question 57

Chromosomal mutations:

Answer 57

affect many many genes. Multiple changes

Question 58

Chromosomal mutations: Deletion

Answer 58

Removal of a chromosome segment.

Question 59

Chromosomal mutations: Duplication

Answer 59

when we have homologous chromosome break and swap DNA incorrectly.

Question 60

Chromosomal mutations: Inversion

Answer 60

reversed order

Question 61

Chromosomal mutations: Translocation

Answer 61

Non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments.

Question 62

Chromosomal mutations: slide 14 dyknow nov 12

Answer 62

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