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ap bio cytology quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cell theory

A

1) all living things are made of cells
2) cell is simplest collection of matter that can live
3) cell structure is correlated to cellular function
4) all cells are related by their descendant from other cells

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2
Q

cell fractionation

A

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from each other

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3
Q

what does cell fractionation help with

A

allows scientists to determine functions of organelles

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4
Q

eukaryotes

A

differentiated cells
protists, fungi, animals, plants

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5
Q

prokaryotes

A

single cell, no nucleus
archae, bacteria

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6
Q

similarites between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosomes, ribosomes

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7
Q

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

prokaryotes- no nucleus, DNA in unbound region (nucleoid), no membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
eukaryotes- DNA in nucleus bounded by membranous nuclear envelope, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus, larger than prokaryotes

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8
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service volume of every cell
  • general structure is double layer of phospholipids
  • 4 ring carbon and cholesterol
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9
Q

limits to cell size

A

cells have greater surface area relative to volume
metabolism sets limits

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10
Q

what do eukaryotes have that partitions cell into organelles

A

internal membranes

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11
Q

what are the eukaryotic organelles

A

nucleus, nuclear lamina, chromatin, chromosomes, nucleolus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

nucleus functions

A

1) houses genetic material
2) most conspicuous organelles
3) nuclear envelope
4) nuclear membrane
5) pores

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13
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses nucleus separating from cytoplasm

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14
Q

nuclear membrane

A

double membrane, all consists of lipid bilayer

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15
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate entry and exit of molecules from nucleus

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16
Q

nuclear lamina

A

maintains shape of nucleus, composed of protein (lamin)

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17
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and proteins form genetic materials

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18
Q

chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

located within nucleus
contains ribosomes
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
carries out protein synthesis
found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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20
Q

nucleolus protein synthesis

A

in cytosol–> free ribosomes
outside of endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope–> bound ribosomes

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21
Q

endomembrane system

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cell
contains
- nuclear envelope
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi apparatus
- lysosomes
- vacuoles
- plasma membrane
all are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

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22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

accounts for more than half of total membrane in eukaryotic cells
continuous with membrane
2 regions- smooth and rough ER
plants and animals, not bacteria

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23
Q

smooth ER

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A

lacks ribosomes
synthesizes lipids
metabolizes carbohydrates
detoxifies poison
stores calcium

24
Q

rough ER

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A

ribosomes studding surface
bound ribosomes secrete glycoproteins
distribute transport vesicles (proteins surrounded by membrane)
membrane factory for cell

25
glycoprotein
proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
26
golgi apparatus
shipping and receiving center consists of cisternae modifies products of ER manufactures certain macromolecules sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
27
cisternae
flattened membranous sacs entire thing is the golgi
28
lysosomes
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules digestive compartments endures phagocytosis and autophagy
29
what do the enzymes do in lysosomes
hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
30
phagocytosis
cells can engulf another and forms food vacuoles fuses with food vacuoles and digests molecule
31
autophagy
uses enzymes to recycle cells organelles macromolecules
32
vacuoles
diverse maintenance compartment - contractile vacuole - food vacuole - central vacuole
33
contractile vacuole
found in freshwater protists pump excess water out of cells
34
food vacuole
formed by phagocytosis
35
central vacuole
found in many mature plant cells hold organic compounds and water
36
metabolic activity group
mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, cytoskeleton
37
mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration that generates ATP in eukaryotic cells contains cristae mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space
38
cristae
smooth outer and inner membrane folded together presents large surface area for enzymes to synthesize proteins
39
mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space
inner membrane creates 2 compartments mitochondrial matrix catalyzes metabolic steps of CR
40
chloroplast
found in plants and algae (plants and other green organs) sites of photosynthesis belongs to plastids (organelle family) contains chlorophyll (green pigment) contains enzymes and other molecules functioning in photosynthesis thylakoids for structure
41
thylakoids
membranous stacks that form granum and stroma (internal fluid)
42
peroxisomes
oxidative organelle specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane produce hydrogen peroxide and convert to water oxygen is used to break down different types of molecules
43
mitochondria and chloroplast structure
change energy to form to another not part of endomembrane system double membrane contain proteins made by free ribosomes contain own DNA
44
cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm organizes cell structure and activity, anchors organelles - microtubules - microfilaments - intermediate filaments supports cells, maintains shape interacts with moto proteins (mobility) may regulate biochemical activities vesicles travel along 'monorail' provided by cytoskeleton
45
microtubule
thicket component
46
microfillament
thinnest component
47
intermediate
fibers w diameters in a middle
48
microtubules
shape cell guide movement of organelles separates chromosomes during cell division contains centrosomes and centrioles contains cilia and flagella
49
centrosomes and centrioles
microtubules grow out from centrosome, near nucleus centrosome is microtubule- organizing center animal cells - centrosome has pair of centrioles
50
cilia and flagella
microtubules control beating of cilia and flagella (locomotor appendages of cells) share common ultrastructure
51
cilia and flagella ultrastructure
core of microtubules sheathed by plasma membrane basal body anchors cilium or flagella motor protein (dynein) drives bending movements of cilia or flagellum
52
microfilaments (actin filaments)
built as twisted double chain of actin subunits bears tension, resists pulling forces in cell forms 3D network (cortex) inside plasma membrane - helps support cell shape bundles of microfilaments make up core of microvilli intestinal cells function in cell mobility and contain myosin protein (also actin) muscles cells have thousands of actin filaments arranged parallel to one another thicker filaments compose of myosin interdigitate with thinner actin fibers localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin -drives amoeboid movement
53
pseudopodia
cellular extensions extend and contract through reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments
54
cytoplasmic streaming
circular flow of cytoplasm within cell streaming speeds distribution of materials within cell plant cell - actin- myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming
55
cell walls of plants
extracellular structure that distributes plant cells from animal cells prokaryotes, fungi, some protists protects plant cell, maintains shape, prevents excessive water uptake make of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins
56
how many layers do cell walls have
3
57
plasmodesmata
channels between adjacent plant cells

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