ap bio unit 7 part 2

Question 1

BSC

Answer 1

group of naturally interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups, meaning they can produce fertile offspring with each other but not with members of other species.

Question 2

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 2

a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different populations from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile/inviable

Question 3

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 3

barriers that prevent different populations from successfully mating,

Question 4

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

Answer 4

barriers that prevent offspring from different populations from growing or breeding. Hybrid inviability and sterility

Question 5

Geographic Isolation

Answer 5

physical barrier preventing breeding between populations

Question 6

Ecological Isolation

Answer 6

populations choose different habitats to live which prevents the populations from interbreeding.

Question 7

Temporal Isolation

Answer 7

populations breed at different times which prevents the populations from interbreeding.

Question 8

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 8

populations can’t physically exchange gametes which prevents the populations from interbreeding.

Question 9

Behavioral Isolation

Answer 9

females only choose mates that are different from other populations which prevents the populations from interbreeding.

Question 10

Gametic Isolation

Answer 10

gametes are not able to fuse from different populations which prevents the populations from interbreeding.

Question 11

Zygote Mortality

Answer 11

zygote inviability, when two populations produce a zygote that is not able to survive to maturity

Question 12

Sterility

Answer 12

when two populations produce a zygote that is infertile and not able to breed

Question 13

Hybrid Vigor

Answer 13

when a hybrid has stronger traits because any deleterious traits are balanced out by the genetics of the other species.

Question 14

Speciation

Answer 14

the evolutionary process where new species arise from a single ancestral species, typically through reproductive isolation and genetic divergence

Question 15

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 15

a type of speciation where a population becomes geographically isolated, leading to the evolution of distinct species due to the absence of gene flow between the isolated groups

Question 16

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 16

the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species, where both continue to inhabit the same geographic region without geographical isolation

Question 17

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 17

a process where a single species or small group of species rapidly diversifies into many new species

Question 18

Divergent Evolution

Answer 18

the process where two or more related species become increasingly dissimilar over time, often due to adapting to different environments or ecological niches, potentially leading to the formation of new species. Homologous Structures

Question 19

Gradualism

Answer 19

a pattern of evolution characterized by slow, continuous, and directional change over long periods

Question 20

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 20

the idea that evolution occurs in spurts instead of following the slow, but steady path

Question 21

Hox Genes

Answer 21

a group of related genes that play a crucial role in animal development by specifying the body plan along the head-to-tail axis, ensuring that structures form in the correct places

Question 22

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Question 23

Chemical Evolution

Answer 23

the gradual formation of increasingly complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions

Question 24

Biological Evolution

Answer 24

the change in the inherited traits of populations of organisms over successive generations, driven by mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation

Question 25

Primordial Soup

Answer 25

the hypothetical, early Earth environment of a water body rich in organic compounds from which scientists believe the first life forms evolved

Question 26

Miller Experiment

Answer 26

simulated the conditions of early Earth and demonstrated the possibility of organic molecules, including amino acids, forming from inorganic compounds through chemical reactions

Question 27

RNA First

Answer 27

The RNA world hypothesis proposes that RNA, rather than DNA or proteins, was the primary form of genetic material and played a crucial role in the early evolution of life, potentially serving as both a carrier of genetic information and a catalyst for chemical reactions

Question 28

Protein First

Answer 28

a theory that proposes proteins were the first biomolecules to appear in the evolution of life on Earth

Question 29

Iron-Sulfur World

Answer 29

suggests that life originated on the surface of iron sulfide minerals near hydrothermal vents, where complex chemical reactions catalyzed by these minerals led to the emergence of metabolism-first life

Question 30

Relative Dating

Answer 30

a method used to determine the chronological order of events and objects, establishing which is older or younger relative to others, without assigning specific numerical ages

Question 31

Absolute Dating

Answer 31

scientific methods used to determine the exact age of a fossil, rock, or archaeological artifact by measuring the radioactive decay of isotopes, providing a specific chronological age

Question 32

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Answer 32

proposes that some eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, forming a symbiotic relationship that led to their evolution into organelles

Question 33

Mass Extinction

Answer 33

a period of dramatically increased extinction rates, where a large percentage of Earth's species disappear within a relatively short geological time frame

Question 34

Molecular Clock

Answer 34

a method used to estimate the time of evolutionary events by comparing the differences in DNA or protein sequences between species, assuming mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate

Question 35

Continental Drift (Plate Tectonics)

Answer 35

describes the idea that Earth's continents were once part of a single supercontinent (Pangaea) and have moved to their current positions over millions of years

Question 36

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Question 37

Systematics

Answer 37

the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Question 38

Phylogenetic Tree (Phylogeny)

Answer 38

a diagram that depicts the evolutionary relationships among different species, organisms, or genes, showing how they are related through a common ancestor

Question 39

Taxonomy

Answer 39

the science of classifying, naming, and describing organisms, including studying their relationships and the principles underlying such classification

Question 40

Classification

Answer 40

the process of arranging organisms, both living and extinct, into groups based on similar characteristics

Question 41

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 41

a system for naming species using a two-part scientific name, consisting of the genus and species, typically in Latinized form

Question 42

LUCA

Answer 42

Last Universal Common Ancestor, the hypothesized single-celled organism from which all known life on Earth is believed to have descended

Question 43

3 Domains

Answer 43

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Eukarya

Question 44

6 Kingdoms

Answer 44

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 45

Derived Characteristic

Answer 45

a trait that has evolved from an ancestral form and is unique to a particular group or lineage, distinguishing it from other groups

Question 46

Ancestral Characteristic

Answer 46

traits that were present in a common ancestor of a group of organisms and are inherited by all of its descendants

Question 47

Cladistics

Answer 47

a method of classifying organisms based on their evolutionary relationships, grouping them into clades (groups of organisms descended from a common ancestor) using shared, derived characteristics

Question 48

Cladogram

Answer 48

a branching diagram that illustrates hypothetical relationships among different groups of organisms based on shared characteristics

Question 49

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 49

suggests that the simplest explanation, or the one requiring the fewest evolutionary changes, is the most likely to be true, especially when constructing phylogenetic trees