OHio

Question 1

Amino Acid

Answer 1

monomer for proteins, amino group - carbon - carboxyl group with a R-group off center carbon. 20 different amino acids

Question 2

Anticodon

Answer 2

3 letter tRNA complement that ensures the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome to correlate to the mRNA codon.

Question 3

Central Dogma

Answer 3

a theory that describes how genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 4

Chaperone Protein

Answer 4

a diverse group of proteins that play crucial roles in the proper folding, assembly, and transport of other proteins in cells

Question 5

Chargaff Rule

Answer 5

A-T, C-G; same amounts of A as T, and same amount of C as G.

Question 6

Codon

Answer 6

3 letter base sequence on mRNA that holds the information for what amino acid is needed in the gene sequence

Question 7

Complementary Strand

Answer 7

new strand that is built/paired with the original template strand

Question 8

Deoxyribose

Answer 8

sugar for DNA

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 10

DNA Polymerase I

Answer 10

replaces the RNA primers with DNA

Question 11

DNA Polymerase III

Answer 11

creates the complimentary strand of DNA to the original template strand

Question 12

DNA Replication

Answer 12

process of copying DNA during S phase for Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 13

Double Helix

Answer 13

twisting shape of DNA

Question 14

Elongation

Answer 14

building of the complementary mRNA strand from the original DNA template strand by adding one nucleotide on at a time

Question 15

Helicase

Answer 15

“unzips” DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

Question 16

Hershey and Chase Experiment

Answer 16

Bacteriophage experiment. Proteins and DNA were tagged with a radioisotope and tracked as a virus attacked a bacteria. DNA entered cell, protein stayed out and washed away showing DNA was the component that carried the viral information.

Question 17

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 17

bond due to polar charges, attracts nucleic bases together

Question 18

Initiation

Answer 18

start of transcription at the promoter region by RNA polymerase

Question 19

Lagging Strand

Answer 19

The lagging strand is synthesized in small fragments called Okazaki fragments.The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously because the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.

Question 20

Leading Strand

Answer 20

a strand of new DNA that is synthesized continuously and is complementary to the parental DNA strand

Question 21

Ligase

Answer 21

connects the phosphate-sugar backbone at the end of replication

Question 22

Messenger RNA

Answer 22

carries the genetic information for a gene from nucleus to the ribosomes. Created as a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA gene template strand

Question 23

MicroRNA/siRNA

Answer 23

small codes of RNA that are important for gene regulation. Death tags for mRNA to limit lifespan of mRNA

Question 24

Nucleotide

Answer 24

monomer for Nucleic acids, Phosphate group - Sugar - and nitrogenous base

Question 25

Okazaki Fragment

Answer 25

sections of complementary DNA created for the lagging strand during DNA replication

Question 26

Phosphate

Answer 26

phosphorus and 4 oxygens, component of nucleotide, part of DNA/RNA backbone

Question 27

Plasmid

Answer 27

a small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Can hold important DNA and be passed from one bacteria to another.

Question 28

Primer

Answer 28

complementary section of RNA that provides an attachment point for DNA polymerase III

Question 29

Protein Synthesis

Answer 29

creation of proteins

Question 30

Purine

Answer 30

A and G, Double ringed nucleic bases

Question 31

Pyrimidine

Answer 31

T and C, single ringed nucleic bases

Question 32

R

Answer 32

Group - 20 different possibilities that are the functional component of the amino acid. Functional Group

Question 33

Redundancy

Answer 33

multiple codons per amino acids to allow for mistakes to happen but still code for the same amino acid

Question 34

Ribose

Answer 34

sugar for RNA

Question 35

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 35

RNA component of the ribosome

Question 36

Ribosome

Answer 36

site of protein synthesis. A site, P site, E site

Question 37

RNA

Answer 37

ribonucleic acid

Question 38

RNA Polymerase

Answer 38

builds the mRNA from the template DNA strand

Question 39

RNA Primase

Answer 39

creates RNA primer so DNA polymerase III can attach

Question 40

Semiconservative Replication

Answer 40

the process by which DNA is copied to create two new DNA strands, each containing one old strand and one new strand

Question 41

Spliceosome

Answer 41

helps to remove introns from mRNA in finishing process

Question 42

SSB

Answer 42

keeps DNA separated after helicase separates the bases

Question 43

Start Codon

Answer 43

tells the ribosome where to attach to the mRNA and start producing the protein in translation

Question 44

Stop Codon

Answer 44

tells the ribosome when to stop translation and release the protein and mRNA

Question 45

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Answer 45

a chain of alternating sugar and phosphate groups that forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA

Question 46

Template Strand

Answer 46

original strand that the complementary strand is built/paired with.

Question 47

Termination

Answer 47

release of mRNA from RNA polymerase

Question 48

Topoisomerase

Answer 48

Flattens out DNA for replication

Question 49

Transcription

Answer 49

complementary strand of mRNA created off of a template DNA strand for a gene

Question 50

Transfer RNA

Answer 50

tRNA has an anti-codon that is complementary to the mRNA codon. An amino acid is attached to the opposite end of the anticodon on the tRNA. The Amino acid is specific to the anticodon.

Question 51

Transformation Experiment

Answer 51

an experiment that demonstrates the process of bacteria taking up and incorporating external genetic material (DNA) from their environment, essentially changing their characteristics. Good bacteria mixed with dead lethal bacteria turned into lethal bacteria by taking in a component (later we find out it is DNA) of the lethal bacteria.

Question 52

Translation

Answer 52

protein created from ribosome reading mRNA, bringing in tRNA, and attaching associated amino acids together in order

Question 53

tRNA synthetase

Answer 53

attaches correct amino acid to tRNA to correlate with the appropriate anticodon

Question 54

Wobble Hypothesis

Answer 54

a theory that explains how a single amino acid can be coded for by multiple codons.