AP chapter 9 Flashcards by Brianna Williams

The system as a whole consists of two principal divisions called the ___ and the ___

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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The brain and spinal cord together are called the ___

central nervous (CNA)

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The usual designation for the nerves of the body is the ___

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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A subdivision of the PNS, called the ___, consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic or involuntary functions

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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Two major type of cells that are found in the nervous tissue are ___ and ___

neurons (nerve cells) and glia

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Each neuron consists of 3 parts :

#1 A main part called the neuron cell body
#2 one or more branching projections called dendrites
#3 one elongated projection known as an axon

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___ are the process or projections that carry impulses to the neuron cell bodies

Dendrites

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___ are the process that carry impulses away from the neuron cell bodies

axons

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___ carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body

Sensory neurons

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Sensory neurons are also called ___

afferent neurons

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___ carry impulses in the opposite direction - away from the brain and spinal cord.

Motor neurons

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Motor neurons do not conduct impulses to all parts of the body - only two kinds of tissue :

muscle and glandular epithelial tissue

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Motor neurons are also called ___

efferent neurons

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___ conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. They also often connect with each other to form complex, central networks of nerve fibers.

Interneurons

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Interneurons are sometimes called ___

central or connecting neurons

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Glia - or ___ - do not specialize in transmitting impulses. Instead, they are special types of supporting cells

neuroglia

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What are 2 important functions of Glia?

#1 hold the functioning neurons together and protect them
#2 bring the various functions of nervous tissue together into a coordinated whole ; regulates the neuron function

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What is the most common type of brain tumor and what does it develop from?

glioma, develops from glia

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Some glia’s are relatively large cells that look somewhat like stars because of the threadlike extensions that jut out from their surfaces, they are called ___

astrocytes

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___ attach to neurons and to small blood vessels, holding these structures close to each other

astrocytes

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Astrocyte branches form a two-layer structure called the ___

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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The ___ separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect vital brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be in the blood

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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___ remain stationary, but in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue, they enlarge, move about. They surround the microbes, draw them into their cytoplasm, and digest them. They also help to clean up cell damage resulting from injury or disease.

Microglia

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The ___ help to hold nerve fibers together. They also produce the fatty myelin sheath that envelops nerve fibers located in the brain and spinal cord

Oligodendrocytes

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The ___ affects nerve conduction speed

myelin sheath

___ are glial cells that also form myelin sheaths but do so only in the PNS

Schwann cells

Neurons with myelin-wrapped axons are called ___

myelinated fibers

___ are gaps between adjacent Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier

The outer wrapped layer of a Schwann cell is called the ___

neurilemma

A ___ is a group of peripheral nerve fibers (axons) bundled together like the strands of a cable

nerve

Each axon in a nerve is surrounded by a thin wrapping of fibrous connective tissue called the ___

endoneurium

Groups of these wrapped axons are called ___

fascicles

Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin, fibrous ___

perineurium

A tough, fibrous sheath called the ___ covers the whole nerve

epineurium

Bundles of axons in the CNS are called ___

tracts

Brain and spinal cord tissue composed of cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites is called ___

gray matter

Nerve impulses are also called

action potentials

A basic type of neuron pathway is called a ___

reflex arc

A two-neuron arc consist of only two types of neurons :

``` #1 sensory neurons #2 motor neurons ```

Three-neuron arcs are consist of all three kinds of neurons :

``` #1 sensory neurons #2 interneurons #3 motor neurons ```

Impulse conduction normally starts in ___, they are the beginnings of dendrites of sensory neurons

Receptors

A ___ is a group of nerve-cell bodies located in the PNS

ganglion

A microscopic space separates the axon ending of one neuron from the dendrites of another neuron. This gap serves as a junction between nerve cells called a ___

synapse

A three-neuron arc reaction is called the ___

withdrawal reflex

___ are chemicals by which neurons communicate

neurotransmitters

___ is released at some of the synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular (nerve-muscle) junctions

acetylcholine (ACh)

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin belong to a group of compounds called ___, which may play a role in sleep, motor function, mood, and pleasure recognition

amines

Two morphinelike neurotransmitters are called :

``` #1 endorphins #2 enkephalins ```

___ diffuses directly across the plasma membrane of neurons rather than being released from vesicles

nitric oxide (NO)

What is the function of ACh

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates parasympathetic effectors; involved in memory

What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)

Excitatory or inhibitory; regulates sympathetic effectors; involved in emotional responses

What is the function of Dopamine

Mostly inhibitory; involved in emotions and moods

What is the function of Serotonin

Mostly inhibitory; involved in sleep, emotions, and moods

What is the functions of endorphins and enkephalins

mostly inhibitory; involved in blocking pain

What is the function of Nitric Oxide (NO)

Signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuron

The brain and spinal cord are also protected by three membranes called ___

meninges

The brain consists of 4 major divisions, named in ascending order, beginning with most inferior part :

``` #1 Brainstem a. medulla oblongata b. Pons c. Midbrain #2 Cerebellum #3 Diencephalon a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pineal gland #4 Cerebrum ```

The lower part of the brainstem is the ___

medulla oblongata

The medulla, pons, and the midbrain form the ___

brainstem

The large hole in the occipital bone is called the ___

foramen magnum

The ___ bulges out a bit more than the medulla, forming a bridge to the narrower midbrain

pon

___ conduct impulses up from the spinal cord to other parts of the brain, and ___ conduct impulses down from the brain to the spinal cord

sensory fibers ; motor fibers

In the brainstem, small bits of gray matter mix closely and intricately with white matter to form the ___

reticular formation

The ___ is the second largest part of the human brain

cerebellum

What are some functions of the cerebellum? (3)

``` #1 produce smooth coordinated movements #2 maintain equilibrium #3 sustain normal postures ```

The diencephalon consists of 3 major structures :

``` #1 hypothalamus #2 thalamus #3 pineal gland ```

What is the function of Medulla oblongata

2-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers; cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

What is the function of Pons

2-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other regions of the body; influences respiration

What is the function of Midbrain

2-way conduction pathway; relay for visual and auditory impulses

What is the function of Hypothalamus

regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal

What is the function of Thalamus

Sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex; emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms

What is the function of Pineal gland

Adjusts output of melatonin in response to changes in external light, to keep the body's internal clock on time

What is the function of Cerebrum

sensory perception, emotions, willed movements, consciousness, and memory

The ___ is the largest and uppermost part of the brain

cerebrum

Inferior central band called the ___, which is made up of white matter tracts

corpus callosum

A thin layer of gray matter called ___

cerebral cortex

Within white matter are a few islands of gray matter known as ___, whose functioning is essential for producing automatic movements and postures

basal nuclei or basal ganglia

Reflexes that result from conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord are called ___

spinal cord reflexes

A loss of sensation is called

anesthesia

A loss of the ability to make voluntary movements is called

paralysis

What are the 3 layers of the spinal meninges

``` #1 dura mater, which is the tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal #2 pia matter, which is the innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself #3 Arachnoid mater, which is the membrane between the dura and the pia mater ```

Fluid fills the subarachnoid spaces between the pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called ____. It also fills spaces in the brain call cerebral ventricles

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSF forms continually from fluid filtering out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as ___ and into the ventricles

choroid plexus

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of certain motor neurons that conduct impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem to the following kinds of tissue (3)

``` #1 cardiac muscle tissue #2 smooth muscle tissue #3 glandular epithelial tissue ```

ANS controls the involuntary functions.. motor nerves that control the voluntary actions of skeletal muscles are sometimes called the ___

somatic nervous system

The ANS consists of two divisions called the :

``` #1 sympathetic division #2 parasympathetic division ```

___ are the motor neurons that make up the ANS

autonomic neurons

Autonomic neurons are called ___ because they conduct impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion

preganglionic neurons

___ conduct impulses from a ganglion to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular epithelial tissue

postganglionic neurons

Autonomic or ___ are the tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses

visceral effectors

___ have dendrites and cell bodies in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Sympathetic systems are also referred to as the ___

thoracolumbar systems

What is the function of the Olfactory

sense of smell

What is the function of the Optic

vision

What is the function of the Oculomotor

eye movements

What is the function of the Trochlear

eye movements

What is the function of the Trigeminal

sensations of face, scalp, and teeth; chewing movements

What is the function of the Abducens

eye movements

What is the function of the Facial

sense of taste; contraction of muscles of facial expression

What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear

Hearing; sense of balance

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal

Sensations of throat, taste, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva

What is the function of the Vagus

sensations of throat and larynx and of thoracic and abdominal organs; swallowing, voice production, slowing of heartbeat, acceleration of peristalsis (gut movements)

What is the function of the Accessory

Shoulder movements; turning movements head

What is the function of the Hypoglossal

tongue movements