Psychology midterm Flashcards
(298 cards)
1
Q
I am a modern psychologist interested in higher level learning, problem solving, consciousness, beliefs, language, and memory.
A
cognitive
2
Q
The plus (+) or minus (–) sign in front of a correlation tells about:
A
the type or directionality
3
Q
The simplest synonym or definition for “replication” is:
A
repetition
4
Q
William James taught psychology at:
A
harvard
5
Q
__________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.
A
The single-blind study
6
Q
Which of the following might be a problem with naturalistic observational research?
lack of control over the environment
All of these could be problems.
observer effect – subjects know they are being watched
observer bias – the person watching isn’t objective
the people being watched may not be a representative sample
A
All
7
Q
At the close of the nineteenth century, Hans is excited to learn that he has been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Hans will be trained to __________.
A
focus on consciousness and sensations
8
Q
The school of behaviorism attempted to explain behavior by studying __________.
A
how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response
9
Q
Double-blind studies control for __________.
A
both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect
10
Q
T-F
Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a football game, but not in a very subtle way. Many of the people he observed noticed him and realized he was watching. Sam had a problem known as observer effect.
A
false
11
Q
The first step in any scientific investigation is __________.
A
perceiving the question
12
Q
John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________.
A
behaviorism
13
Q
How many subjects (participants) would you expect in case study research, typically?
A
1
14
Q
You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as free will and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?
A
humanism
15
Q
As part of an assignment, Taylor’s class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on female sexual harassment. Which research method was Taylor’s professor using?
A
survey
16
Q
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
-.25
.25
.50
-.75
A
-.75
17
Q
Which of the following psychologists was most responsible for the ORIGINAL creation of the behavioral/behaviorism school of psychology?
A
Watson
18
Q
T-F
Critical thinking requires making judgments that are well-reasoned and well thought out.
A
true
19
Q
Which of the following is NOT associated with Freud
psychoanalysis
repress/repression
unconscious
subconscious
A
subconscious
20
Q
“Psychologists should only study observable behaviors.” Who would be most likely to have said this?
A
Skinner
21
Q
Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
A
humanistic perspective
22
Q
T-F
A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other.
A
true
23
Q
John B. Watson is to B. F. Skinner as Carl Rogers is to:
A
Abraham Maslow
24
Q
The technique of objective introspection was used by both:
A
Wundt and Titchener
25
The belief that the unconscious mind has a strong influence on someone's behavior is part of what early field of psychology?
psychoanalysis
26
In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology has scientific goals to __________ these phenomena.
predict and control
27
Freud was the founder of __________.
psychoanalysis and psychodynamic thought
28
You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed. The crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half shout their approval. The event reminds you of something you read in your psychology textbook. What was the likely topic?
bias
29
The tendency to look for information that supports one's own belief is called __________.
confirmation bias
30
A negative correlation means that __________.
high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other
31
Unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues (even inadvertently) given by the experimenter are called __________.
experimenter effects
32
Freud believed that many unconscious issues are __________.
rooted in childhood
33
Surveys, as discussed in the text, are a form of __________ research.
descriptive
34
A common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association is that participants __________.
must be allowed to make an informed decision
35
As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are __________.
positively correlated
36
Before laboratories and experiments began, which philosopher(s) explored ideas related to psychology?
Aristotle
Plato
All of these and more.
Descartes
all
37
Dr. Ramos contends that human intelligence gives us an advantage to survive in the natural world. Dr. Ramos likely agrees with the __________ theory of psychology.
evolutionary
38
The early perspective called Gestalt psychology eventually evolved into what current perspective?
cognitive psychology
39
Will was admitted to the hospital last week after a stroke. When Will's son visited, he found that his father was unable to get phrases and words out in a smooth, articulate manner. If Will's difficulty speaking is due to a specific area of brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?
Broca's area
40
The function of the neuron's axon is to __________.
carry messages to other cells
41
The structure in the hindbrain that controls balance, certain reflexes, and coordinates the body's movements is the __________.
cerebellum
42
Zachary's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her makeup was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital as it was clear that she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with __________, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere.
spatial neglect
43
The area in the temporal lobe that is important in our ability to process and understand what others are saying is __________ area.
Wernicke's
44
T-F
The pineal gland secrets a hormone called insulin.
false
45
Leo's severe rollerblading accident causes him to complain that he now cannot understand what people are saying to him. Which lobe would have been most likely affected?
temporal lobe
46
When discussing anatomical directions, the ears would be said to be ____________ to the brain.
lateral
47
T-F
If the body secretes too much insulin, the result is hyperglycemia.
false
48
People suffering from Alzheimer's disease have much lower levels of acetylcholine in the __________.
hippocampus
49
The site of many mental processes that are unique to humans (self-awareness, initiative, planning ability, and goal-directed behavior) would be located in the __________ lobes.
frontal
50
Which of the following regions contains the somatosensory cortex?
parietal lobe
51
T-F
Although the entire body is composed of cells, each type of cell has a special purpose and function and, therefore, a special structure.
true
52
Which of the following is a machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity (such as a beta wave or alpha wave) of the brain's cortex, just below the scalp?
EEG
53
After removal of a tumor from the LEFT side of her brain, Liv recovered well. However, some of her former abilities are now limited. Which of the following abilities are most likely affected?
recognizing anger on someone's face
coordinated walking movements
assembling jigsaw puzzles
solving algebra equations
solving algebra equations
54
T-F
The pons is the larger “swelling” just above the medulla.
true
55
Assume that you are testing a split-brain human subject whose language center is in his left hemisphere. If you place a house key into his left hand, he will __________.
not be able to tell you what object he is presently holding
56
Traditionally, many have made the analogy that the left brain is to the right brain as __________. (Look carefully at the order here.)
holistic is to analytical
intuitive is to perceptual
logical is to artistic
verbal is to analytical
logical is to artistic
57
A dancer suffered damage to __________ and never danced properly again.
the cerebellum
58
Which of the following is TRUE about dopamine (DA)?
It can have different effects depending on the exact location of its activity.
59
For most people, the area of the left temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to process and understand what others are saying:
Wernicke's area
60
The autonomic nervous system is made up of what two other systems?
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
61
Catalina needs to have a neuroimaging test that will track the activity of her brain, but wants to use a radioactive tracer that is more easily obtained than those used for PET. Which of the following offers the BEST alternative based on Catalina's needs?
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
62
T-F
The cingulate cortex can be divided into up to four regions that play different roles in processing emotional, cognitive, and autonomic information.
true
63
The adrenal cortex __________.
provides a source of sex hormones in addition to the gonads
produces corticoids
plays a role in the production of cortisol
helps to regulate salt intake
helps to control stress reactions
All of these are true.
all
64
The nervous system often called the "fight or flight" system is actually the __________ system.
sympathetic
65
T-F
The pons relays messages between the cerebellum and the cortex.
true
66
What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon?
synaptic knobs
67
T-F
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a type of NIBS.
True
68
The cerebellum __________.
coordinates balance and movements
69
Simone has been unable to participate in her gymnastics class and has become very uncoordinated since she was involved in an accident in which she suffered a head injury. As a result of the accident, she is likely to have suffered damage to her __________.
cerebellum
70
The term "fire" when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron __________.
has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons
71
T-F
The pineal gland is located in the brain, toward the rear and above the brain stem.
true
72
If Michele's doctor has taken a series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a(n) __________.
CT scan
73
Alice's physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. The technique being used is __________.
positron emission tomography
74
The part of the hindbrain that largely controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and blood pressure is the __________.
medulla
75
T-F
The medulla is responsible for people's ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in their surroundings.
false
76
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the __________.
corpus callosum
77
Endocrine glands __________.
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
78
T-F
The pons helps coordinate the movements of the left and right sides of the body.
true
79
Opponent-process theory was first proposed by:
Edwald Hering
80
The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the __________.
blind spot
81
The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what __________ you see.
hue
82
T-F
Nerve hearing impairment due to problems in the auditory cortex of the brain has been easily corrected with hearing aids.
false
83
Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are __________.
cones
84
Special receptors in organs are activated. Various forms of outside stimuli become neural signals in the brain. These define:
sensation
85
The gate-control theory of pain suggests that the __________.
pain signals must pass through a kind of "gate" located in the spinal cord
86
T_F
Taste is one of our earliest developed senses.
true
87
The cochlea and basilar membrane are part of the __________.
inner ear
88
How many somesthetic sense systems are there?
4
89
You are told that you are going to be shown some words related to food. The experimenter then shows you the word "pizao" and you perceive the word "pizza." This example illustrates that your perceptions are affected by your __________.
expectations
90
Sensation is to __________ as perception is to __________.
input; understanding
91
Nichole is an unusual artist who works with light. She blends equal portions of red, green, and blue light together. The result will be:
white
92
A)
require more light than rods
B)
act as receptors for visual acuity or fine details
C)
help us see colors
D)
A, B, and C are all correct.
E)
None of A, B, or C is true.
all (D)
93
The aqueous humor would be best compared to what?
a pond
94
Regarding vision and light:
light has the properties of both waves and particles
95
Professor Jacobs is discussing how pure a particular area is on a painting. In our class (psychology), we know that the purity of the red she is discussing is due to:
saturation, with only red wavelengths present
96
Since our eyes are a few inches apart, we get a slightly different view from each eye. This is known as __________.
binocular disparity
97
Suppose your town is located in a valley. Obviously, you'll realize that the size of your town doesn't change regardless of whether you look at it up close or from a hilltop. This is primarily due to __________.
size constancy
98
T_F
Sound waves are different from light in many ways, but they have the same properties of light waves — wavelength, amplitude, and purity.
true
99
Sensory adaptation is very different from habituation, largely because __________.
the receptor cells become less responsive
100
Detecting "environmental stimulation" is one way to define __________.
sensation
101
Debates about the two major theories of color vision __________.
began long ago and still continue
102
Which of the following phenomena is a function of the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina?
A dim star viewed at night may disappear when you look directly at it, but reappear when you look to one side of it.
103
Danielle has just been told by her physician that she has the most common type of permanent hearing loss. Since she is enrolled in this course, she knows that her physician is referring to __________.
sensorineural hearing impairment
104
T_F
The proposed name for a potential sixth taste is oleogustus.
true
105
When you wake up in the morning, you probably squint at the light as you open your eyes. In just a few seconds, however, you are able to open your eyes all the way, even if the room is quite bright. This demonstrates __________ adaptation.
light
106
As sounds become louder, their __________ increases.
amplitude
107
In a signal detection experiment, the subject has just made a "hit." This means:
a stimulus was there and the subject detected it was there
108
In a signal detection experiment, the subject has just made a "miss." This means:
a stimulus was there but the subject could not detect that it was there
109
Nichole is an artist. She blends equal portions of red, yellow, and blue paint together. The result will be:
black
110
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are all located in the __________.
middle ear
111
Weber's law states that a just noticeable change in a stimulus magnitude is __________ the original stimulus magnitude.
proportional too
112
Olfaction refers to __________.
smelling
113
A method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions is called __________ theory. This method assesses a person's "hits" and "rejections" compared to their "misses" and "false alarms."
signal detection
114
How blurry-looking an object appears. Linear perspective. These are cues associated with __________ depth perception.
monocular
115
T_F
Frequency theory was developed by Ernest Rutherford in 1886.
true
116
The three laws or principles of perceptual constancy include size, shape, and __________.
brightness
117
The difference threshold is the degree of change that is required in order for a person to detect a change __________ percent of the time.
50
118
The distance cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called __________.
aerial perspective
119
T_F
Contrary to popular belief, body temperature plays no role in inducing sleep.
false
120
Freud believed that his patients' dreams were __________ representations of their conflicts.
symbolic
121
The alert state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear is called __________.
waking consciousness
122
If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from __________.
insomnia
123
Concerning stage four (4) of non-REM sleep, __________.
it is no longer discussed or described in modern research
124
Circadian rhythms are controlled by the __________.
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
125
T_F
Although research is ongoing, scientists believe vaping may actually be even more harmful than smoking.
true
126
Janet is sitting in church listening to the choir. Given no other information, we would assume Janet is in ___________.
waking consciousness
127
Melatonin influences drowsiness and sleep. It is usually released by __________.
the pineal gland
128
Steve joins a research study in a cave where he isn't allowed to know what time it is. Rather quickly, researchers noticed that his circadian rhythm __________, just like others who had participated in the study before him.
shifted to a 25 hour cycle instead of a 24 hour cycle
129
The term "psychoactive drug" refers to __________.
any drug, regardless of whether it is legal or illegal
130
Your uncle is diagnosed with REM behavior disorder. You become concerned because you know that this is often correlated with __________.
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease
131
Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning hypnosis?
The hypnotist is always in control.
A person who is under hypnosis never really loses control of his or her behavior.
People are perfectly willing to do things against their will while under hypnosis.
A hypnotized person is in an involuntary condition of suggestion.
A person who is under hypnosis never really loses control of his or her behavior.
132
The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep.
N3
133
__________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.
melatonin
134
T_F
Controlled processes are those that require our conscious attention to a fairly high degree, such as driving.
true
135
Melatonin is a/an __________.
hormone
136
This theory of sleep examines the status of a species (predator/prey) and length of sleep.
adaptive theory
137
To treat your sleep problem, you are told you should avoid doing anything in your bed but sleeping, set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time, and get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?
insomnia
138
T_F
The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis asserts that subjects are faking a role intentionally.
false
139
The best way to determine if someone is physically dependent on a drug is to __________.
take away the drug and see if withdrawal occurs
140
During N2, you would expect to see which pair of brain waves?
theta, sleep spindles
141
Calvin Hall would be best classified as a/an ___________ psychologist.
cognitive
142
The largest and slowest of all known brain waves are:
delta
143
T_F
Calvin Hall collected more than 2 million dreams and concluded that most dreams are extremely bizarre.
false
144
LSD is most similar to which of the following drugs?
PCP
145
How did Ernest Hilgard explain pain reduction through hypnosis?
Hypnotized individuals dissociate the experience, so part of the mind is unaware of the pain.
146
One hundred people are randomly chosen from America. How many of these would you expect to be hypnotized to some degree?
80
147
T_F
A nightmare is a dream. A night terror is not.
true
148
A monthly paycheck BEST represents a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
149
Stimulus discrimination __________.
occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others
150
T_F
On a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed.
true
151
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used to help children with autism spectrum disorder. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is __________.
shaping
152
T_F
A modern theory of learning is that nothing is ever forgotten if it is learned. The memory may be hard to access quickly, but it is there in the brain.
true
153
The learning of phobias is a good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
conditioned emotional response
154
A very high rate of responding with slow extinction is produced by a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio
155
Josie has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Josie knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.
cupboard door opening
156
Christopher has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Christopher starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
extinction
157
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
classical conditioning
158
Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur more frequently is called a(n) __________.
reinforcer
159
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of __________ to help gain control over biological functions.
relaxation
160
In the early 1900s, psychology was in danger of fading because of an unsuccessful focus on consciousness and the mind. One of the first prominent figures to change that focus was __________.
Ivan Pavlov
161
Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________.
behaviorism
162
Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned secondary positive reinforcer?
money
163
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of __________.
maturation
164
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called __________.
the learning/performance distinction
165
Who was Little Albert?
a child who developed a fear
166
An example of a discriminative stimulus is __________.
a stop sign
167
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________.
operant conditioning
168
Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because the pairing of the __________.
CS and UCS provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS
169
A/An __________ can be defined as any object, event, or experience that causes a response or a reaction.
stimulus
170
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
171
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the __________.
loud noise
172
When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called __________.
stimulus generalization
173
Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
classical conditioning
174
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response? (Only one is correct.)
UCS
175
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________.
it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
176
The abbreviation UCR stands for __________.
unconditioned response
177
Little Albert (Watson & Rayner, 1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear __________.
white rats
178
Thorndike is to __________ as Skinner is to __________.
law of effect; reinforcement
179
__________ was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses.
Thorndike
180
Salivation is, in general, __________.
a reflex
181
In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________.
successive approximations
182
In classical conditioning, one must pair together the __________ before conditioning can occur.
UCS and CS
183
What kind of reinforcement is used if Emilia's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A's on her tests?
partial reinforcement
184
Last month, Theo became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Theo has experienced __________.
conditioned taste aversion
185
T_F
In classical conditioning, the UCR and the CR are always the same reaction.
true
186
T_F
ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, can disrupt consolidation and cause retrograde amnesia.
true
187
Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________ memory.
episodic
188
Saanvi remembered getting "B's" in her English Literature classes in college. But years later, when she applied for a job and took out her transcript, she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten "C-" grades. She then started telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student. Saanvi's erratic memory of her mediocre performance is most likely due to __________.
hindsight bias
189
Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is __________.
encoding failure
190
Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as __________.
remembering old is to remembering new
191
In which of the following ways are sensory memory and long-term memory similar?
both have a large capacity
192
Many older adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of a(n) __________.
flashbulb memory
193
In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________.
within the first hour after learning new material
194
Suppose Li Min looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again-but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of __________ memory.
short term
195
Mohammad remembers all of the details of his wedding 7 years ago. This information is most likely stored in his __________ memory.
episodic
196
T_f
Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved, because they were never actually encoded in the first place.
true
197
Taamir is getting ready for an exam in his biology class tomorrow. He has not studied yet, and he is preparing all sorts of caffeinated beverages to help him pull an "all-nighter." In memory terms, Taamir is about to engage in __________ practice.
massed
198
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. Which aspect of memory is this experiment designed to assess?
sensory memory
199
What theory of forgetting attributes forgetting to the mere passage of time?
decay
200
When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy's assassination, Jackson draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of __________.
retrieval cues
201
Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?
short term memory
202
Your memory of the moment you heard about the massacre at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, in 2018 would be most appropriately termed a(n) __________ memory.
flashbulb
203
T_F
In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be retrievable.
true
204
If __________ amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, __________ amnesia is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored.
retrograde; anterograde
205
In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).
deeper; shallower
206
Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can't remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) __________.
retrieval cue
207
What are the components of the information-processing model in order?
encoding, storage, retrieval
208
You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________ memory.
iconic
209
Information in short-term memory is retained __________.
as long as it is rehearsed
210
Your history tutor has one last suggestion for you before she ends today's session. She tells you to study material in the middle of your list of historical events a little harder. What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice?
serial position effect
211
The concept of a house would be stored in __________ memory.
long term
212
Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories.
explicit; implicit
213
Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. It was later found that they __________.
didn't remember solving the puzzle but could do it again
214
Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in __________.
sensory memory and short-term memory
215
__________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a usable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
memory
216
When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items __________ of the list.
at the beginning and at the end better than those in the middle
217
In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are __________.
stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related
218
The BEST place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in __________.
in the biology classroom
219
T_F
Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus two bits of information.
false
220
The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli is __________.
selective attention
221
Selective attention is the process of __________.
selectively noticing stimuli
222
The term __________ memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to eidetic imagery.
photographic
223
In the __________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain.
parallel distributed processing
224
Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them. If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately, the students usually succeeded. If the instructions came more than 3 seconds after the notes were played, the students were much less successful. The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that, in the latter case, the echo __________.
faded before being stored in short-term memory
225
T_F
One task useful in testing short-term memory capacity is the digit-span test.
true
226
PET scans have demonstrated that when a person is creating a mental image, __________.
the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
227
The sentence "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has __________.
proper syntax but poor semantics
228
T_F
Language is based on sound units called morphemes.
false
229
Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
identical twins reared together
230
The concept of confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe __________.
information that agrees with our thinking
231
According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is LEAST likely to predict success in an academic environment?
practical intelligence
232
The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by __________.
Gardner
233
Many items on a "culture-fair" test require the use of __________.
nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects
234
In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to __________.
heuristics
235
When you took your college entrance exam, students across the country took the same test at the same time with the same instructions. What characteristic of a good psychological test do these similarities reflect?
standardization
236
T_F
Fragile X, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all potential causes of intellectual disability.
true
237
The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by __________.
terman
238
Holden is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be __________.
80
239
T_F
It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly identify an apple as a fruit.
false
240
Which term refers to the proportion of change in IQ within a population that is attributable to genetic influences?
heritability
241
A group of businesspeople meet in order to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company's products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called __________.
brainstorming
242
Jenna is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure, such as its area. Each time Jenna uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call __________.
algorithms
243
Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on __________.
deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution
244
All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above __________.
140-145
245
Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that __________.
follows the normal curve
246
Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is __________.
the ability to adapt to new situations
247
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________.
mental set
248
An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is that a heuristic __________.
can be quicker
249
Which book, published by Herrnstein and Murray in 1994, sparked tremendous debate with its assertions about the heritability of intelligence?
the bell curve
250
In Kosslyn's "imaginary island" study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that __________.
is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact
251
What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?
divergent
252
When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their __________.
intonation
253
What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
analytical, creative, and practical
254
T_F
Standardization refers to the process of giving a test to a group of people that represents the target individuals for whom that test is intended.
true
255
Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?
poetic
digital
creative
naturalist
naturalist
256
Which of the following tests would be BEST suited to an 8-year-old child?
WISC-V
257
Hayden is trying to determine the best way to get to his house after work, because his usual route has been blocked by emergency vehicles due to a car accident. He can't "see" a different route, so instead he imagines how he would drive to work from home if he had to take a different route. Hayden is using the __________ heuristic.
working backward
258
People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above __________.
130
259
T_F
A 10-year-old child who scored like an average 8-year-old on an intelligence test would have an IQ of 80.
true
260
The semantics of the sentence "He ran" refer to its __________.
meaning
261
Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Tod's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Tod's idea of psychological disorders?
The course altered Tod's concept of psychological disorders.
262
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the __________.
theory of multiple intelligences
263
According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called the __________.
language acquisition device (LAD)
264
Researchers have found that __________ influenced by culture.
both language and thought are
265
What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?
linguistic relativity hypothesis
266
According to Erikson, which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?
ego integrity versus despair
267
Zoe and Ella are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?
Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.
268
A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called __________.
recessive
269
According to Piaget, children begin to understand concepts and develop the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage.
formal operations
270
Kohlberg found that the typical responses of adolescents to the moral dilemmas he presented them were at the __________ level.
conventional
271
The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called __________.
adolescence
272
Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage?
centration
273
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?
Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
274
T_F
The activity theory suggests that the more involved adolescents stay in hobbies until they turn into adults, the more likely they are to be happy.
false
275
According to Piaget, children learn to retrace their thoughts, correct themselves, and see more than one dimension to a problem, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts, during the __________ stage.
concrete operations
276
T_F
The concept of a personal fable is when an adolescent believes he or she is unique and cannot be harmed.
true
277
Marcus tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question, or there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would describe Marcus's parenting style as __________.
authoritarian
278
Gabriel is 17 years old. According to Erikson, Gabriel's chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________.
identity
279
Elijah is 70 years old and has just retired from a career as a lawyer. He is now spending time looking back on his life and is recognizing, as well as coming to terms with, mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business. Elijah is engaging in a process called __________.
a life review
280
Traits that are typical of a sex but not directly concerned with reproduction are called __________.
secondary sex characteristics
281
Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior?
autonomy versus shame and doubt
282
Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as __________.
chromosomes
283
In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
longitudinal
284
T_F
The germinal period begins at conception and ends when the organism firmly attaches to the wall of the uterus.
true
285
In the average person, approximately how long does puberty last from start to finish?
4 years
286
The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to __________.
introspection and egocentrism
287
T_F
A researcher who studies different age groups, or cohorts, at one time is using the cross-sectional design.
true
288
Which of the following accurately describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?
The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
289
In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the __________ stage.
sensorimotor
290
T_F
A teratogen is any factor that can cause a birth defect.
true
291
According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at which level of morality?
conventional
292
The __________ theory sees aging as a process in which cells are assumed to have a limitation on the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage.
cellular-clock
293
Madelyn is in her 40s. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Madelyn is experiencing are called __________.
the climacteric
294
Sienna is 30 years old and has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others. According to Erikson, she is most likely in the __________ stage of development.
intimacy versus isolation
295
Ginny is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Ginny's behavior illustrates which concept?
the imaginary audience
296
T_F
Temperament is thought to be fairly well established since birth.
true
297
According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the __________ stage.
preoperational
298
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
