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Geography > AP Human Geo 3 > Flashcards

AP Human Geo 3 Flashcards

1
Q

migration

A

permanent move to a new location
*type of relocation diffusion

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2
Q

mobility

A

general term covering all types of movement from one place to another

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3
Q

circulation

A

short term, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur regularly

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4
Q

seasonal mobility

A

movement based on changing seasons (such as snow bunnies)

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5
Q

emigration

A

migration from a location

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6
Q

immigration

A

migration to a location

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7
Q

net migration

A

different between number of immigrants and number of emigrants

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8
Q

net in-migration

A

positive net migration where there are more immigrants than emigrants

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9
Q

net out-migration

A

negative net migration where there are more emigrants than immigrants`

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10
Q

3 objectives of migration

A
  1. economic opportunity
  2. cultural freedom
  3. enviornmental comfort
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11
Q

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

A
  1. how much distance does someone move?
  2. why do people move?
  3. who exactly is moving?
  4. most migrants will relocate a short distance (intraregional instead of inter)
  5. long distance migrants move to hubs of economic activity
  6. people migrate for economic and cultural reasons
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12
Q

where are the largest flows of migrants from and to?

A
  • Latin America to North America
  • South Asia to Europe
  • South Asia to Southwest Asia
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13
Q

what areas have net in-migration?

A
  • North America
  • europe
  • Southwest Asia
  • the South Pacific
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14
Q

what areas have net out-migration?

A
  • Africa
  • Latin America
  • all parts of Asia expect for Southwest Asia
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15
Q

what percent of the world are migrants?

A

3%

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16
Q

which location has the largest flow of immigrants anywhere in the world?

A

Mexico to the U.S

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17
Q

where are the highest immigration rates found?

A

Southwest Asia

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18
Q

international migration

A

permanent migration from one country to another (voluntary or forced)

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19
Q

migration transition

A

change in migration pattern based on demographic transition model (social and economic change)
- international migration is found in stage 2
- internal migration is found in stages 3 and 4

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20
Q

voluntary migration

A

migrants choose to move (usually for economic or environmental reasons)
*can feel forced

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21
Q

forced migration

A

migrants are forced to move by cultural/enviornmental reasons

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22
Q

internal migration

A

permanent move within the same country
- more numerous
- either interregional or intraregional

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23
Q

interregional migration

A

moving from one region of a country to another (ex. rural Iowa to NYC)

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24
Q

intraregional migration

A

movement in one region (DC -> Bethesda)

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25
Q

3 main eras of U.S. immigration

A
  1. Colonial immigration
  2. European immigration (19-20th century)
  3. Asia and Latin America (20th-21st century)
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26
Q

colonial immigration (U.S)

A
  • Europeans (62%)
  • 45-50% from UK
  • 38% from Sub-Saharan Africa (slaves)
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27
Q

European migration

A
  • 120-1920
  • 90% from Europe
  • came for economic prosperity
  • 1840-50: Irish and Germans made up 3/4 of the migrants (economic issues and political unrest)
  • 1870: resumes immigration post civil war (mostly Germans)
  • 1880: scandanavia (IR cause increase in population)
    -1905-14: southern and eastern europeans made up 2/3 of total migrants due to the IR
  • WWI & Great Depression: pause in immigration
  • 1950-today: Latin American and Asia migrants make up 3/4 of total migrants
    a) 13 million from Latin America, 7 million from Asia
    b) most from L.A. are from Mexico
    c) most from Asia are from China, India, Vietnam, and the Philiphines
28
Q

population center

A

average location of everyone in a country

29
Q

migration in the U.S.

A
  • 1790: colonists stay on the coast for trade; too hard to go over Appalachin mountains
  • 1840: Lousiana Purchase
  • 1850-90: population center shifts west due to gold rush (skip great plains–deemed unlivable)
  • 1900-40: government incentivized people to move to the Great Plains; increased railroad expansion; better farming practices for GP climate
  • 1950-2010: movement west once again; people are moving south due to more jobs and better climate
30
Q

interregional migration in Canada

A
  • east to west
  • high net in-migration: Alberta and British Columbia
  • hifh net out-migration: Ontario
31
Q

interregional migration in Russia

A
  • more people choose to live west due to proximity to Europe
  • The government incentivizes people to move further east for jobs
  • many factories are located towards the east because that’s where the resources are (labor migration)
32
Q

interregional migration in China

A
  • movement from rural interior to factories on the coast
  • migration used to be heavily restricted, but is now loosening up
33
Q

interregional migration in Brazil

A
  • movement from coasts to the interior (more quiet lifestyle - tends to be wealthier people)
34
Q

rural to urban migration

A
  • seen in most areas around the world
  • became popular in the 1800s during the IR
  • push factor: declining economic opportunities
  • pull factor: service and factory jobs
  • changes rates all the time
35
Q

urban to suburban migration

A
  • suburbinization
  • seen in developed countries
  • pull factor: better life (safer towns, better schools, more space) with access to major cities
  • negatively impacts farmers
36
Q

urban to rural migration

A
  • seen in developed countries
  • caused by rapid urbanization of suburbs
  • pull factor: slower life
  • Now, it’s easy to stay connected to everyone making rural life not as isolated
37
Q

push factor

A

induces people to move out of their location

38
Q

pull facotr

A

induces people to move into a new location

39
Q

refugee

A

someone who has been forced to migrate to another country because of a conflict and can’t return out of fear of persecution due to race, religion, ehtnicity, nationality, social group, etc

40
Q

internally displaced person

A

someone who has been forced to migrate for political reasons but does not move internationally

41
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone who has migrated to another country with the hope of being recognized as a refugee

42
Q

In 2014, where were the largest groups of refugees coming from?

A

Afghanistan (Taliban) and Syria (Civil War)

43
Q

trail of tears

A

A mass forced migration that uprooted Native Americans and moved them west to reservations (thousands died during the journey and on the reservations)

44
Q

where do migrants tend to go?

A
  • warm areas
  • areas with water sources (beaches, lakes,etc)
  • mountanous regions
45
Q

what is the biggest enviornmental factor that causes migration?

A

water!! (either too much or too little)

46
Q

floodplain

A

An area subject to flooding for a specific number of years (based on historical trends)

47
Q

desertification (or semi-arid land degradation)

A

deterioration of land to desert-like conditions (due to human action)

48
Q

intervening object

A

an enviornmental or politcal feature that hinders migration

49
Q

Is it easier to migrate to a country as an immigrant or labor migrant?

A

refugee

50
Q

where do most migrant workers come from?

A

South and East Asia
(tend to go to other Asian countries or the U.S)

51
Q

remittance

A

transfer of money by migrant workers to people in the country they emigrated from
(many countries rely on remittances but some countries charge to send remittances)

52
Q

who tend to migrate?

A
  • women (55% overall)
  • in Southeast and East Asia, women make up 50% of migrants
  • women go to places where they are allowed in the workforce
  • wives may want to join husbands
  • male migrants outnumber female migrants in developing countries
  • U.S migrants tend to be ages 20-39
  • immigrants are more likely to be 65+ in developing countries
  • children under 20 make up 21% of immigrants in U.s
  • 90% of indocumented immigrants are boys 12-17
53
Q

4 types of immigration polices

A
  1. ones that maintain the current level of immigration
  2. ones that increase immigrationz (example: ex-communist countries)
  3. ones that decrease immigration (example: southwest Asia and Africa)
  4. no policy
54
Q

unauthorized migrants (undocmented immigrants/illegal aliens)

A

those who enter a country without the proper documents to do so

55
Q

Undocumented Latino Immigrants in the U.S.

A
  • tend to live in CA or TX (NV has highest percent)
  • 50% are from Mexico (50% are divided between other countries)
  • 1 million are children (many babies of undocumented immigrants are born in the U.S)
  • stay for longer periods of time
  • make up 5% of U.S workforce (blue collar)
56
Q

quota

A

maximum limits on the number of immigrants who could go to the U.S. in a one year period

57
Q

U.S Quotas

A
  • quota act of 1921
  • 1924: national origins act = those who immigrate must have 2% of their people in the U.S each year (easy for europeans)
  • 1965: individual country quotas (170,000 from Eastern hemisphere, 120,000 from western hemishpere)
  • 1978: global quota of 290,000 (20,000 max per country)
  • 1990: global quota raised to 750,000
58
Q

what types of migrants come to the U.S?

A
  • family reunification (3/4 of migrants)
  • skilled workers
  • diversity (lottery to allow people from countries that don’t send many immigrants)
  • refugees and family members of citizens are admitted with out limit
59
Q

brain drain

A

the large scale emigration of talented people

60
Q

chain migration

A

migration of people to a specific location due to realtives or members of the same nationality who reviously migrated there

61
Q

U.S/Mexican Border conflict

A
  • most Americans support a path to citizenship for immigrants who cross the border
  • Americans want stricter border control, but don’t want tax payer money to go to hiring more officers or building fences
  • many workplace raids even though migrants do the jobs that Americans don’t want
  • Americans prefer for undocumented immigrants to be deported, but don’t want to obstruct their civil rights
  • A majority of Americans believe migrant control is a federal issue (except for border states)
  • Arizona and Alabama have some of the strictest migrant laws
62
Q

sanctuary states

A

states that aid undocmented immigrants

63
Q

guest worker

A

immigrants of poor countries immigrate temporarily to work (term is no longer used in Europe)
*popular in 1960s-70s

64
Q

what percent of people in North America are foreign born?

A
  • 13% in Canada
  • 21% in U.S
65
Q

what does immigration look like in europe?

A
  • Western Europe has high net in-migration
  • Eastern Europe has high net out-migration
  • prior to 2014, most migrants came from countries close by; now, many come from Syria, Afghanistan, and Africa
  • High anti-immigrant sentiment in Europe
66
Q

what percent of people in Europe are foreign born?

A

8%

Geography (8 decks)

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