AP Human Geo Chapter 10 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
5 agricultural regions for LDCs
A
1) intensive subsistence; wet rice dominant
2) intensive subsistence; crops other than rice
3) pastoral nomadism
4) shifting cultivation
5) plantation
2
Q
6 agricultural regions for MDCs
A
1)mixed crop and livestock
2) dairying
3) grain
4) ranching
5) Mediterranean
6) commercial gardening
3
Q
intensive subsistence; wet rice dominant region and climate
A
- Southeastern China, East India, Southeast Asia
- Wet climate (warm mid-latitude)
4
Q
intensive subsistence; wet rice not dominant region and climate
A
- East and South Asia
- harsh winters/drier summers
5
Q
shifting cultivation region and climate
A
- Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia
- Tropical
6
Q
pastoral nomadism region and climate
A
- Southwest Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, East Asia
- Drylands
7
Q
plantation region and climate
A
_ Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia
- Tropical/sub-tropical
8
Q
mixed crop and livestock region and climate
A
- US Midwest and Central Europe
- humid (mid-latitude)
9
Q
dairying region and climate
A
- population clusters in Northeast US, SE Canada, and Northwest Europe
- cold mid-latitude
10
Q
grain region and climate
A
- north-central US, South-central Canada, East Europe
- warm-mid latitude
11
Q
ranching region and climate
A
- western northern America Southeast Latin America, east Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Pacific
- drylands
12
Q
Mediterranean region and climate
A
- Med. sea land, West US, Southern tip of Africa, Chile
- dry summer, subtropical
13
Q
commerical gardening region and climate
A
- southeast US and southeast Australia
- warm-mid latitude
14
Q
pastoral nomadism
A
- subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry climates where planting crops is practically impossible
- grain is mostly eaten
15
Q
transhumance
A
seasonal migration of livestock from mountains to low-land pastures
16
Q
shifting cultivation/slash and burn agriculture
A
- practiced in tropical climate regions with high temperatures and abundant rain
- farmers clear land by slashing plants and burning them; grow crops on cleared land’ harvest; abandon land when soil is depleted
17
Q
swidden
A
cleared area from shifting cultivation
18
Q
intensive subsistence agriculture
A
- farmers work hard
- most work is done by hand on small farms
19
Q
doublecropping
A
obtaining 2 harvests in 1 year from 1 field (warm winter regions)
20
Q
wet rice dominant
A
- rice is planted in a nursery and moved as seedling to flooded field
- must have flat land
21
Q
sawah/paddy
A
rice field that is flooded
22
Q
wet rice not dominant
A
- low summer rain and harsh winters
- mainly barely and wheat
23
Q
crop rotation
A
practice of rotating different crops from field to field each year
24
Q
aquaculture/aquafarming
A
cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
25
fishing
capture of wild fish and other seafood
26
where are the 18 major fishing regions?
- 7 in Atlantic
- 7 in Pacific
- 3 in Indian
- 1 in Med
27
where does the fish caught go?
animal feed (only 2/3 is for human consumption)
28
overfishing
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
29
agribusiness
system of commercial farming in developed countries
30
grain farming
grain for human consumption
31
what are the 2 most popular types of produce from the mixed crop and livestock category?
maize (1) and soy (2)
32
which country produces the most wheat?
China
33
Mediterranean agriculture
regions that border a sea, are flat by the coast but around hills. Meant to be consumed by humans
34
horticulture
growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
35
commercial gardening and fruit farming
In the Southeast US; specialization of crops
36
truck farming
exchange of commodities and bardering
37
mixed crop and livestock
- integration of crops and livestock
- most crops go to animals, not people
- livestock creates manure and fertilizer
38
von thunen theory
farmers pick which crops to grow/livestock to raise based on market location
- 1st ring: gardens and milk (intensive and spoil easily)
- 2nd ring: wood lots (intensive and hard to transport)
- 3rd ring: various crops and pasture (extensive)
- 4th ring: exclusively animal grazing (extensive)
39
dairy farm
- production of milk and other dairy products
- labor intensive
- expensive to feed all cattle
40
milkshed
ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
41
ranching
commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
42
what type of food is most wanted in developed countries?
locally grown and sustainable food
43
why are food prices likely to go up?
- poor weather
- high demand
- small growth in productivity
- crops go to biofuel
- war
44
undernourishment
dietary energy consumption that is continuous below that needed for healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
45
where are the most people undernourished?
- 1/4 of Sub-Saharan Africa
- 1/5 of South Asia
46
organic farming
crops are grown without herbicides, pesticides, and GMOS; livestock are free-range
47
what are the top 5 crops with the most pesticides?
1) apples
2) peaches
3) nectarines
4) strawberries
5) grapes
48
which crops have toxic insecticies?
leafy greens and hot peppers
49
what are the top 5 cleanest crops?
1) avocados
2) corn (sweet corn)
3) pineapples
4) cabbage
5) frozen sweet peas
50
agriculture
deliberate modification of earth's surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
51
crop
any plant cultivated by people
52
agricultural revolution
when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting/gathering (around 8,000 BC)
53
environmental factors that caused the agricultural revolution:
coincided with climate change and end of ice age
54
cultural factors that caused the agricultural revolution:
preference of sedimentary lifestyle over nomadism
55
important agricultural hearths:
- southwest asia: barely, wheat, lentils, olives, domestication of cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, and dogs
- east asia: rice and millet
- central and south asia: chickens and horses
- sub-saharan africa: sorgum, yams, millet, rice
- Latin america: beans, cotton, potatoes, corn
56
subsistence agriculture
found in developing countries; production of food primarily for farmers' families
57
commercial agriculture
found in developed countries; production of food primarily for sale off farm
58
how does diet around the world differ?
- level of development
- physical conditions
- cultural preferences
59
dietary energy consumption
amount of food an individual consumes in kcal
60
cereal grain
grass that yields grain for food
61
grain
seed from cereal grass
62
where do most people get their kcal from?
cereal grains
63
wheat
- popular in developed regions
- most consumed grain in central and southwest Asia
64
rice
principal grain eaten in south, east, and southeast Asia
65
maize
leading crop in the world for both food and animal feed
66
other crops
- in sub-Saharan Africa: cassava, sorghum, millet, plantains, sweet potatoes and yams
- in Venezuela: sugar
67
Do people in developed countries eat more kcal than people in developing countries?
No. People in developed countries consume almost 1,000 more kcal than average (2,902) while people in developing countries consume about 100 kcal less than the average
68
food security
physical, social, and economic access at all time to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
69
what percent of the world is food insecure?
10%
70
where do developed and developing countries get their protein from?
- developed: animals
- developing: grains
71
prime agricultural land
most productive farmland
72
desertification
human actions cause land to deteriorate to desert-like conditions caused by excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and deforestation
73
5 stages of reduction of farmland:
1) forest fallow
2) bush fallow
3) short fallow
4) annual cropping
5) multicropping
74
green revolution
invention and rapid diffusion of more preductive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s
75
conservation tillage
reduces soil erosion and runoff; some/all of previous harvest is left on the field in winter
76
no tillage
leaves all soil undisturbed and entire residue of previous year's harvest is left untouched
77
ridge tillage
planting crops on ridge tops in same place every year to conserve water
78
genetically modified organisms
living organisms with a novel combination of genetic material obtained through modern technology
79
what are some opposition to gmos in Africa?
- health problems
- export problems
- dependence on US
80
which country is the leading exporter in grain?
US
81
cociane
- regions: Columbia, Peru, Bolivia
- sold to: US
82
Heroin
- regions: Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos
- sold to: Western Europe and Russia
83
marijuana
- region: Mexico
- sold to: US
84
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