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Geography > AP Human Geo Chapter 10 > Flashcards

AP Human Geo Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

5 agricultural regions for LDCs

A

1) intensive subsistence; wet rice dominant
2) intensive subsistence; crops other than rice
3) pastoral nomadism
4) shifting cultivation
5) plantation

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2
Q

6 agricultural regions for MDCs

A

1)mixed crop and livestock
2) dairying
3) grain
4) ranching
5) Mediterranean
6) commercial gardening

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3
Q

intensive subsistence; wet rice dominant region and climate

A
  • Southeastern China, East India, Southeast Asia
  • Wet climate (warm mid-latitude)
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4
Q

intensive subsistence; wet rice not dominant region and climate

A
  • East and South Asia
  • harsh winters/drier summers
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5
Q

shifting cultivation region and climate

A
  • Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia
  • Tropical
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6
Q

pastoral nomadism region and climate

A
  • Southwest Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, East Asia
  • Drylands
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7
Q

plantation region and climate

A

_ Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia
- Tropical/sub-tropical

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8
Q

mixed crop and livestock region and climate

A
  • US Midwest and Central Europe
  • humid (mid-latitude)
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9
Q

dairying region and climate

A
  • population clusters in Northeast US, SE Canada, and Northwest Europe
  • cold mid-latitude
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10
Q

grain region and climate

A
  • north-central US, South-central Canada, East Europe
  • warm-mid latitude
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11
Q

ranching region and climate

A
  • western northern America Southeast Latin America, east Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Pacific
  • drylands
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12
Q

Mediterranean region and climate

A
  • Med. sea land, West US, Southern tip of Africa, Chile
  • dry summer, subtropical
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13
Q

commerical gardening region and climate

A
  • southeast US and southeast Australia
  • warm-mid latitude
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14
Q

pastoral nomadism

A
  • subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry climates where planting crops is practically impossible
  • grain is mostly eaten
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15
Q

transhumance

A

seasonal migration of livestock from mountains to low-land pastures

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16
Q

shifting cultivation/slash and burn agriculture

A
  • practiced in tropical climate regions with high temperatures and abundant rain
  • farmers clear land by slashing plants and burning them; grow crops on cleared land’ harvest; abandon land when soil is depleted
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17
Q

swidden

A

cleared area from shifting cultivation

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18
Q

intensive subsistence agriculture

A
  • farmers work hard
  • most work is done by hand on small farms
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19
Q

doublecropping

A

obtaining 2 harvests in 1 year from 1 field (warm winter regions)

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20
Q

wet rice dominant

A
  • rice is planted in a nursery and moved as seedling to flooded field
  • must have flat land
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21
Q

sawah/paddy

A

rice field that is flooded

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22
Q

wet rice not dominant

A
  • low summer rain and harsh winters
  • mainly barely and wheat
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23
Q

crop rotation

A

practice of rotating different crops from field to field each year

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24
Q

aquaculture/aquafarming

A

cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

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25
Q

fishing

A

capture of wild fish and other seafood

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26
Q

where are the 18 major fishing regions?

A
  • 7 in Atlantic
  • 7 in Pacific
  • 3 in Indian
  • 1 in Med
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27
Q

where does the fish caught go?

A

animal feed (only 2/3 is for human consumption)

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28
Q

overfishing

A

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

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29
Q

agribusiness

A

system of commercial farming in developed countries

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30
Q

grain farming

A

grain for human consumption

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31
Q

what are the 2 most popular types of produce from the mixed crop and livestock category?

A

maize (1) and soy (2)

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32
Q

which country produces the most wheat?

A

China

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33
Q

Mediterranean agriculture

A

regions that border a sea, are flat by the coast but around hills. Meant to be consumed by humans

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34
Q

horticulture

A

growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

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35
Q

commercial gardening and fruit farming

A

In the Southeast US; specialization of crops

36
Q

truck farming

A

exchange of commodities and bardering

37
Q

mixed crop and livestock

A
  • integration of crops and livestock
  • most crops go to animals, not people
  • livestock creates manure and fertilizer
38
Q

von thunen theory

A

farmers pick which crops to grow/livestock to raise based on market location
- 1st ring: gardens and milk (intensive and spoil easily)
- 2nd ring: wood lots (intensive and hard to transport)
- 3rd ring: various crops and pasture (extensive)
- 4th ring: exclusively animal grazing (extensive)

39
Q

dairy farm

A
  • production of milk and other dairy products
  • labor intensive
  • expensive to feed all cattle
40
Q

milkshed

A

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

41
Q

ranching

A

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

42
Q

what type of food is most wanted in developed countries?

A

locally grown and sustainable food

43
Q

why are food prices likely to go up?

A
  • poor weather
  • high demand
  • small growth in productivity
  • crops go to biofuel
  • war
44
Q

undernourishment

A

dietary energy consumption that is continuous below that needed for healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

45
Q

where are the most people undernourished?

A
  • 1/4 of Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 1/5 of South Asia
46
Q

organic farming

A

crops are grown without herbicides, pesticides, and GMOS; livestock are free-range

47
Q

what are the top 5 crops with the most pesticides?

A

1) apples
2) peaches
3) nectarines
4) strawberries
5) grapes

48
Q

which crops have toxic insecticies?

A

leafy greens and hot peppers

49
Q

what are the top 5 cleanest crops?

A

1) avocados
2) corn (sweet corn)
3) pineapples
4) cabbage
5) frozen sweet peas

50
Q

agriculture

A

deliberate modification of earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

51
Q

crop

A

any plant cultivated by people

52
Q

agricultural revolution

A

when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting/gathering (around 8,000 BC)

53
Q

environmental factors that caused the agricultural revolution:

A

coincided with climate change and end of ice age

54
Q

cultural factors that caused the agricultural revolution:

A

preference of sedimentary lifestyle over nomadism

55
Q

important agricultural hearths:

A
  • southwest asia: barely, wheat, lentils, olives, domestication of cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, and dogs
  • east asia: rice and millet
  • central and south asia: chickens and horses
  • sub-saharan africa: sorgum, yams, millet, rice
  • Latin america: beans, cotton, potatoes, corn
56
Q

subsistence agriculture

A

found in developing countries; production of food primarily for farmers’ families

57
Q

commercial agriculture

A

found in developed countries; production of food primarily for sale off farm

58
Q

how does diet around the world differ?

A
  • level of development
  • physical conditions
  • cultural preferences
59
Q

dietary energy consumption

A

amount of food an individual consumes in kcal

60
Q

cereal grain

A

grass that yields grain for food

61
Q

grain

A

seed from cereal grass

62
Q

where do most people get their kcal from?

A

cereal grains

63
Q

wheat

A
  • popular in developed regions
  • most consumed grain in central and southwest Asia
64
Q

rice

A

principal grain eaten in south, east, and southeast Asia

65
Q

maize

A

leading crop in the world for both food and animal feed

66
Q

other crops

A
  • in sub-Saharan Africa: cassava, sorghum, millet, plantains, sweet potatoes and yams
  • in Venezuela: sugar
67
Q

Do people in developed countries eat more kcal than people in developing countries?

A

No. People in developed countries consume almost 1,000 more kcal than average (2,902) while people in developing countries consume about 100 kcal less than the average

68
Q

food security

A

physical, social, and economic access at all time to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

69
Q

what percent of the world is food insecure?

A

10%

70
Q

where do developed and developing countries get their protein from?

A
  • developed: animals
  • developing: grains
71
Q

prime agricultural land

A

most productive farmland

72
Q

desertification

A

human actions cause land to deteriorate to desert-like conditions caused by excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and deforestation

73
Q

5 stages of reduction of farmland:

A

1) forest fallow
2) bush fallow
3) short fallow
4) annual cropping
5) multicropping

74
Q

green revolution

A

invention and rapid diffusion of more preductive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s

75
Q

conservation tillage

A

reduces soil erosion and runoff; some/all of previous harvest is left on the field in winter

76
Q

no tillage

A

leaves all soil undisturbed and entire residue of previous year’s harvest is left untouched

77
Q

ridge tillage

A

planting crops on ridge tops in same place every year to conserve water

78
Q

genetically modified organisms

A

living organisms with a novel combination of genetic material obtained through modern technology

79
Q

what are some opposition to gmos in Africa?

A
  • health problems
  • export problems
  • dependence on US
80
Q

which country is the leading exporter in grain?

A

US

81
Q

cociane

A
  • regions: Columbia, Peru, Bolivia
  • sold to: US
82
Q

Heroin

A
  • regions: Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos
  • sold to: Western Europe and Russia
83
Q

marijuana

A
  • region: Mexico
  • sold to: US
84
Q
A
85
Q
A

Geography (8 decks)

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