AP Psych Master Deck

Question 1

Several types of tests measure various elements of human behavior such as abilities, interests, personality

P: Gain direct insight into parts of a person’s behavior
C: Doesn’t provide accurate rep. of person’s abilities/personality

Answer 1

Testing Method

Question 2

conduct in-depth investigations of individual persons/small groups

P: insight into specific cases
C: isolated circumstances that can’t be replicated; may distort experience; unintentionally encouraging to answer in a certain way

Answer 2

Case-Study Method

Question 3

group observed at intervals over extended period of time
P: enable researchers to see change overtime
C: time-consuming, $$$

Answer 3

Longitudinal method

Question 4

compare diff. and similarities among ppl. in diff age groups at given time

P: less time-consuming than longitudinal method
C: diff. between members can’t be contributed to age/development

Answer 4

cross-sectional method

Question 5

observe behavior of ppl./animals in natural habitat

P: witnesses people in non-artificial settings
C: no control over setting/events that occur

Answer 5

Naturalistic-observation method

Question 6

administer a treatment, then observe participants to show how treatment influences behavior, if at all

P: able to manipulate variables to determine cause/effect; lab setting enables researcher to monitor and record all stages of the experiment

C: lab may not reflect real-life conditions; volunteer bias, researcher bias, placebo effect

Answer 6

Experimental method

Question 6

Participants observed in lab settings

P: enables researchers to control certain aspects of the study
C: labs can’t duplicate real-life environments

Answer 6

laboratory-observation method

Question 7

peoople respond to series of qs ab specific subject

P: enables info gathered ab large # of ppl.
C: ppl. not honest; survey samples not rep. of population as a whole

Answer 7

survey method

Question 8

unconscious mind plays role in everything;
jung, adler, freud
unconscious, unresolved repressed past issues

Answer 8

psychodynamic

Question 9

behavior is the result of reinforcement, punishment, and observation
often we mimic our parents’ or friends’ depression; we like the attention

skinner, pavlov, bandura, thorndike, watson

Answer 9

behaviorism

Question 10

focuses on unique humans issues such as self hope, love, creativity, nature, being, individuality
barriers to self actualization, ideal self and actual self not in congurence

rogers; maslow

Answer 10

humanism

Question 11

how ppl. perceive remember, think, speak, and solve problems
irrational thoughts lead to depression and anxiety
piaget, chomsky, baddeley, ellis

Answer 11

cognitive

Question 12

we’re result of 1000 yrs. of adaptation, survival of the fittest; anxiety is a defense mechanism learned in the wild; darwin

Answer 12

evolutionary

Question 13

focus on bio and medicinal treatments; medical model, imbalance of NTMs, genetics, hormones, brain structure

Answer 13

biomedical

Question 14

what is being tested in an experiment; stands alone and can’t be altered by other variables in an experiment; the cause

Answer 14

independent variable

Question 15

what is being measured in an experiment; effect in the research study; the effect

Answer 15

dependent variable

Question 16

language and logic side of the brain

Answer 16

left brain

Question 17

creativity and spatial awareness

Answer 17

right brain

Question 18

connector of the two brain hemispheres

Answer 18

corpus callosum

Question 19

covers the brain; the outermost brain later

Answer 19

cerebral cortex

Question 20

turns on the fight or flight; loss of appetite, sweats and shakes, nerves

Answer 20

sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

turn off/calm fight or flight; calming down, drowsiness

Answer 21

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 22

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body; in the nervous system

Answer 22

neurotransmitters

Question 23

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel through the blood system to influence the nervous system to regulate behaviors such as aggression, mating, and parenting of individuals; ENDOCRINE*

Answer 23

hormones

Question 24

stimulates hunger; feeding center; GABA*** think yo gabba gabba makes u hungry

Answer 24

lateral hypothalamus

Question 25

hunger suppressing; glucose regulation; think the rat that kept venting food in its mouth when this got damaged

Answer 25

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 26

speech production; makes words; when this region is damaged speech is slurred think boca like mouth in spanish

Answer 26

broca's area

Question 28

region of brain for comprehending words

Answer 28

wernicke's area

Question 29

same fertilized egg-- same egg; identical DNA

Answer 29

identical twins

Question 30

two separate eggs shared space in womb during development

Answer 30

fraternal twins

Question 31

sensory neurons; bring outside info from outside world to body then brain; hearing, smell, taste, pain, temp

Answer 31

afferent neurons

Question 32

motor; brain to body; carry signals from brain to peripheral nervous system (PNS) to do action; effy

Answer 32

efferent neurons

Question 33

process of understanding concepts/ideas during development ex. all four-legged animals are "doggies"

Answer 33

assimiltion

Question 34

occurs when new info causes you to modify existing schemas, adjusting view term by piaget

Answer 34

accomodation

Question 35

logical thinking; cog stages 7-11 by piaget, mastering use of logic in concrete ways ex. child now understanding that a piece of chalk is still same chalk amt. even if broken in 2

Answer 35

concrete operations

Question 36

philosophical thinking; piaget cog stages 12-18, abstract thoughts and ideas in head

Answer 36

formal operations

Question 37

bottom-up processing; brain interpretation of five senses

Answer 37

sensation

Question 38

top-down processing; based on prior knowledge, making sense of info

Answer 38

perception

Question 39

night vision; work well in low light

Answer 39

rods

Question 40

color vision; opponent pairs-- color perception

Answer 40

cones

Question 41

involuntary; conditioned response paired with specific stimuli, straight-forward ex.pavlov's dogs

Answer 41

classical conditioning

Question 42

voluntary; a method of learning that uses reward/punishment to modify behavior, behavior rewarded is repeated behavior punished is diminished

Answer 42

operant conditioning

Question 43

first items remembered in a list; think definition of wordd that means main/most important

Answer 43

primacy effect

Question 44

last items remembered; think latest items

Answer 44

recency effect

Question 45

loss of newest information learned; information interfered; think prefix 'pro' and its implications

Answer 45

proactive interference

Question 46

loss of oldest info; think prefix that means 'old'

Answer 46

retroactive interference

Question 47

non-declarative; skills memory; unintentionally memorized/subconscious ex. typing on a keyboard

Answer 47

implicit memory

Question 48

declarative; facts; remembering intentionally

Answer 48

explicit memory

Question 49

remembering specific information without any clues on retrieving it ex. remembering title of a book read last week, the temp of boiling water

Answer 49

recall

Question 50

remembering specific information with an assistive clue ex. seeing a specific face and trying to remember the name

Answer 50

recognition

Question 51

step-by-step procedure that provides right answer to specific problem; computer-esque; the long route

Answer 51

algorithm

Question 52

rule-of-thumb; mental shortcut, to solve issue w minimal effort

Answer 52

heuristic

Question 53

stereotypes; mental shortcut we use when estimating probabilities ex. thinking someone that holds a briefcase while wearing suit and tie is lawyer, bc we imagine lawyers like that

Answer 53

representative heuristics

Question 54

based on the available info; mental shortcut we make based on emotional cues, familiar facts, and vivid images ex. if falling airplane parts or shark attacks are a more likely cause of death in the United States, most people would say shark attacks; untrue!

Answer 54

availability heuristics

Question 55

basic sound units that distinguish one word from another ex. p, b, d, t in the words pad, bad, pat, and bat

Answer 55

phonemes

Question 56

basic units of meaning; units of language that cannot be defined further; morph word together ex. incoming: the words in, come, -ing forming incoming

Answer 56

morphemes

Question 57

processing speed; ability to think quickly, reason, and solve problems independent of previously acquired knowledge; cattell

Answer 57

fluid intelligence

Question 58

acquired knowledge; vocabulary and reasoning based on acquired info

Answer 58

crystallized intelligence

Question 59

test measures what it should be measuring, accuracy of study even outside of context of study

Answer 59

validity

Question 60

same scores on a retest; consistency of findings via psych research

Answer 60

reliability

Question 61

what you've learned; measures skills + knowledge learned in a given grade lvl.

Answer 61

achievement test

Question 62

assessing what a person may be capable of doing or predict how successful they could be

Answer 62

aptitude test

Question 63

motivated by personal satisfaction; internal drive wo outside influence; closely related to internal locus of control

Answer 63

intrinsic motivation

Question 64

motivated by rewards; money, grades, closely related to external locus of control

Answer 64

extrinsic motivation

Question 65

democratic/intrinsic; theory that people are self-motivated by the challenge of work

Answer 65

theory Y

Question 66

rewards or punishment/extrinsic,theory that people dislike work and have little ambition, unwilling to take responsibility think gen X

Answer 66

theory X