AP Psych Unit 7

Question 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Answer 1

Developmental psychology

Question 2

Our emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 2

Temperament

Question 3

The fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Answer 3

Zygote

Question 4

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

Answer 4

Embryo

Question 5

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Answer 5

Fetus

Question 6

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 6

Teratogens

Question 7

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.
In severe cases, signs include a small out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features

Answer 7

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 8

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity w/ repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Answer 8

Habituation

Question 9

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced experience

Answer 9

Maturation

Question 10

Use-it-or-lose-it, shuts down unused links and strengthens others

Answer 10

Pruning process

Question 11

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by abt. 8 months

Answer 11

Stranger anxiety

Question 12

An emotional tie w/ another person; shown in kids by wanting to be close w/ their caregiver and being distressed in separation

Answer 12

Attachment

Question 13

Found that attachment is not equated directly from association w/ nourishment

Answer 13

Harlow Monkey Experiment

Question 14

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 14

Critical period

Question 15

Explored imprinting by having ducks follow him around after he was their first life exposure

Answer 15

Konrad Lorenz

Question 15

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

Answer 15

Imprinting

Question 16

To people and things foster fondness

Answer 16

Mere exposure

Question 17

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 17

Temperament

Question 18

Research of infants in lab playroom on attachment styles

Answer 18

“Strange situation”

Question 19

Involved within the “strange situation” experiment

Answer 19

Jermone Kagan

Question 19

Irritable vs. easygoing

Answer 19

Difficult v. easy babies

Question 20

Babies who comfortably explore environments when with their caregiver; show distress when caregiver leaves and find comfort in their return

Answer 20

Secure attachment

Question 20

Developmental theorist; morality and stages of development

Answer 20

Erik Erikson

Question 20

Demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

Answer 20

Insecure attachment

Question 21

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers

Answer 21

Basic trust

Question 22

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who Am I?"

Answer 22

Self-concept

Question 23

Parents that impose rules and expect obedience

Answer 23

Authoritarian

Question 24

Parents that submit to their children's desires

Answer 24

Permissive (lax)

Question 25

Uninvolved; neither demanding nor responsive. Careless, inattentive, don't seek to have close relationship w/ child

Answer 25

Negligent

Question 26

Parents that are both demanding and responsive

Answer 26

Authoritative

Question 27

Prefer independence

Answer 27

Western then vs. western now

Question 28

A feeling that what shames the child shames the family

Answer 28

Family self

Question 29

Researcher who developed a model of parenting styles that included authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

Answer 29

Diana Baumrind

Question 30

Developmental psychologist; placed infants in "strange situation" in order to examine attachment to parents

Answer 30

Mary Ainsworth

Question 30

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information (ex. She developed the thought that all librarians were quiet and thin)

Answer 30

Schema

Question 30

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 30

Assimilation

Question 31

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information (Mistaking cow for horse and learning that cows are their own animal)

Answer 31

Accommodation

Question 32

Piaget's theory; (stage from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 32

Sensorimotor stage

Question 33

The awareness that continue to exist when not perceived (Forgetting toy is under blanket)

Answer 33

Object permanence

Question 34

Piaget's theory; stage from 2 to 7 years of age when child learns to use a language but doesn't yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 34

Preoperational stage

Question 35

The Principle (Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

Answer 35

Conservation

Question 36

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's POV

Answer 36

Egocentrism

Question 37

Emotionally charged, confiding interaction between trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Answer 37

Psychotherapy

Question 38

Approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, use techniques from various forms of therapy

Answer 38

Eclectic approach

Question 39

People's ideas about their own and other's mental stages -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Answer 39

Theory of mind

Question 40

Jean Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from 6 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 40

Concrete operational stage

Question 40

Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 40

Formal operational stage

Question 41

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Answer 41

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 42

Russian psychologist, developed sociocultural theory (said that social interactions would cause a continuous change in children's behavior)

Answer 42

Lev Vygotsky

Question 42

Jean Piaget

Answer 42

Cognitive psychologist (created stages of cognitive development)

Question 43

Sigmund Freud; therapeutic techniques of interpreting feelings and helping patient gain insight

Answer 43

Psychoanalysis

Question 44

Occurs during free association; blocks consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Answer 44

Resistance

Question 45

Analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight

Answer 45

Interpretation

Question 45

Patient's transfer to analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships

Answer 45

Transference

Question 46

Humanistic therapy, therapist use techniques such as active listening within accepting environment to facilitate client's growth (Carl Rogers)

Answer 46

Client-centered therapy

Question 47

Empathetic listening in which listener echoes, restates and clarifies (part of Roger's client-centered therapy)

Answer 47

Active listening

Question 48

Therapy that applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors

Answer 48

Behavior therapy

Question 48

Behavior therapy, conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

Answer 48

Counter-conditioning

Question 49

Counterconditioning; pleasant state w/ increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Answer 49

Systematic densitization

Question 50

Counterconditioning; unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior Con: people don't maintain that conditioning

Answer 50

Aversive conditioning

Question 51

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 51

Adolescence

Question 51

Operant conditioning that rewards behavior; patient exchanges token from good behavior for something

Answer 51

Token economy

Question 51

Therapy that teaches people new and adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reaction

Answer 51

Cognitive therapy

Question 52

Popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behavior therapy - Aims to alter way people think and act - Makes people aware of irrational negative thinking --> replace positive ways of thinking and practice to positive approach in life

Answer 52

Cognitive-behavioral therpay

Question 52

Therapy that treats family as a system - Views individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by family members - Guides family members towards positive relationship and improved communication

Answer 52

Family therapy

Question 53

The thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

Answer 53

Moral reasoning

Question 54

Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete awards. Before age 9

Answer 54

Preconventional morality

Question 55

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Early adolescence

Answer 55

Conventional morality

Question 55

He believed that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions

Answer 55

Haidt

Question 55

He agreed w/ Piaget and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning

Answer 55

Kohlberg

Question 55

He believed that a child's moral judgements build on cognitive development

Answer 55

Piaget

Question 56

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

Answer 56

Post-conventional morality

Question 56

He contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution

Answer 56

Erik Erikson

Question 57

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Answer 57

Identity

Question 58

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; of primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 58

Intimacy

Question 58

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Answer 58

Social identity

Question 59

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-20's, bringing the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Answer 59

Emerging adulthood

Question 60

End of menstrual cycle; usually at about age 50. Causes biological changes as reproduction ability declines

Answer 60

Menopause

Question 61

Tips of chromosomes

Answer 61

Telomeres

Question 62

Research that compares people of different ages

Answer 62

Cross-sectional studies

Question 63

Restudying the same people overtime

Answer 63

Longitudinal studies

Question 64

Disorders marked by cognitive deficits; Alzheimer's, brain injuries, substance abuse

Answer 64

Neurocognitive disorder

Question 65

Neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, onset after age 80, displays as memory and physical function decline

Answer 65

Alzheimer's disease

Question 66

Head-to-foot

Answer 66

head-to-foot

Question 67

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Answer 67

Social clock

Question 68

Proximodistal trend

Answer 68

Center-outwards (arms, fist)