AP Psych Unit 5

Question 1

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods (attention, judgement, memory, self-control, emotion, perception)

Answer 1

Psychoactive drugs

Question 2

Disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

Answer 2

Substance use disorder

Question 3

Diminished control, diminished social functioning, hazardous use, addiction

Answer 3

When drug use is a disorder

Question 4

Diminishing effect w/ regular use of drug, requiring user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

Answer 4

Tolerance

Question 5

The study of psychoactive drugs

Answer 5

Psychopharmacology

Question 6

mimic neurotransmitters (excite)

Answer 6

Agonists

Question 7

prevent neurotransmitters from binding to receptor sites (inhibit)

Answer 7

Antagonists

Question 8

Physical illness following withdrawal of a drug

Answer 8

Withdrawal symptoms

Question 9

Reduction in body’s response to a drug (needs more)

Answer 9

Drug tolerance

Question 10

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 10

Depressants

Question 11

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)(CNS numb)

Answer 11

Alcohol use disorder

Question 12

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (numbs CNS)

Answer 12

Opiates

Question 13

increase CNS function, higher HR, metabolism energy attention (produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, euphoric response)

Answer 13

Stimulants

Question 14

active chemical THC, has mild depressant affects, hallucinogenic (relaxation, time distortion, pain relief, perceptual distortions)

Answer 14

Marijuana

Question 16

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 16

Depressants

Question 17

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use (alcoholism)

Answer 17

Alcohol use disorder

Question 18

Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Answer 18

Barbiturates

Question 19

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 19

Opiates

Question 20

Drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, coke and ecstasy that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Answer 20

Stimulants

Question 21

Stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

Answer 21

Nicotine

Question 22

Powerful and addictive stimulant derived from coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

blocks reuptake, excess neurotransmitters remain in synapse and produce a rush, when wears off, absence of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine produce a crash

Answer 22

Cocaine

Question 23

Drugs such as meth that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Answer 23

Methamphetamine

Question 24

Powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, w/ speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime appears to reduce baseline dopamine lvls.

Answer 24

Methamphetamine

Question 25

Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but w/ short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition Ecstasy triggers dopamine, releases stored serotonin-blocking reuptake, which prolongs serotonin's "feel-good"

Answer 25

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 26

Psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input

Answer 26

Hallucinogens

Question 27

Altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Answer 27

Near-death experience

Question 28

powerful hallucinogenic drug, created by Hofmann, trips can range from euphoria to terrifying

Answer 28

LSD

Question 29

Major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

Answer 29

THC

Question 30

Synthetic marijuana that mimics THC, can cause anger and hallucinations

Answer 30

K2/Spice

Question 31

Decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus

Answer 31

Habituation

Question 32

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

Answer 32

Associative learning

Question 33

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Answer 33

Stimulus

Question 34

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 34

Operate behavior

Question 35

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Answer 35

Cognitive learning

Question 36

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 36

Classical conditioning

Question 37

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree w/ (1) but not w/ (2)

Answer 37

Behaviorism

Question 38

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 38

Neutral stimulus

Question 39

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food's in the mouth

Answer 39

Unconditioned response

Question 40

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response.

Answer 40

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 41

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 41

Conditioned response

Question 42

In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association w/ an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 42

Conditioned stimulus

Question 43

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Answer 43

Acquisition

Question 44

A procedure in which conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience gets paired w/ new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Answer 44

Higher-order conditioning

Question 45

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in a classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn't follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

Answer 45

Extinction

Question 46

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 46

Spontaneous recovery

Question 47

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses

Answer 47

Generalization

Question 48

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that don't signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 48

Discrimination

Question 49

A type of conditioning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcing or diminished if followed by a punishment

Answer 49

Operant conditioning

Question 50

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 50

Law of effect

Question 51

A tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar, but not identical

Answer 51

Stimulus Generalization

Question 52

The ability to respond differently to various stimuli

Answer 52

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 53

Fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists

Answer 53

Phobia

Question 54

Learned emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 54

Conditioned Emotional Response

Question 55

Exposing phobic people gradually to feared stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed

Answer 55

Systemic Desensitization

Question 56

Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another's emotional reactions

Answer 56

Vicarious Classical Conditioning

Question 57

Any event that follows a response and increases its likelihood of recurring

Answer 57

Reinforcer

Question 58

Non-learned and natural; satisfies biological needs (ex. food, water, sex)

Answer 58

Primary Reinforcer

Question 59

Learned reinforcer (ex. money, grades, approval, praise)

Answer 59

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 60

Tangible secondary reinforcer (ex. money, gold stars, poker chips)

Answer 60

Token Reinforcer

Question 61

Provided by other people (ex. learned desires for attention and approval)

Answer 61

Social Reinforcer

Question 62

Apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

Answer 62

Skinner Box

Question 63

When a response is followed by a reward or other positive event

Answer 63

Positive Reinforcement

Question 64

When a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event

Answer 64

Negative Reinforcement

Question 65

Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring (ex. a spanking)

Answer 65

Punishment

Question 66

form of punishment that involves taking away something the individual values when they engage in an undesired behavior(ex. losing xbox privileges

Answer 66

Response Cost (omission training)

Question 67

Small step to target goal

Answer 67

Successive Approximations

Question 68

Molding responses gradually in a step-by-step fashion to a desired pattern

Answer 68

Shaping

Question 69

Behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement

Answer 69

Superstitious Behavior

Question 70

A reinforcer follows every correct response

Answer 70

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 71

Reinforcers do NOT follow every response.

Answer 71

Partial Reinforcement

Question 72

A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer

Answer 72

Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)

Question 73

Varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer

Answer 73

Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)

Question 74

The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed, is reinforced

Answer 74

Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)

Question 75

Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time

Answer 75

Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

Question 76

Stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable

Answer 76

Aversive Stimulus

Question 77

"Relief" suddenly becomes negatively reinforcing and will continue indefinitely

Answer 77

Avoidance learning (pair a tone w/ shock)

Question 78

Mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Answer 78

Cognitive map

Question 79

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 79

Latent learning

Question 80

The sudden realization of one's problem solution

Answer 80

Insight

Question 81

Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 81

Intrinsic motivation

Question 82

Desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 82

Extrinsic motivation

Question 83

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods

Answer 83

Coping

Question 84

Alleviating stress by avoiding/ignoring the stressor and attending to the emotional needs related to one's stress action.

Answer 84

Emotion-focused coping

Question 85

The hopelessness and passive resignation a creature learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Answer 85

Learned helplessness

Question 86

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determine our fate.

Answer 86

External locus of control

Question 87

The perception that you control your own fate.

Answer 87

Internal locus of control

Question 88

The ability to control impulses to delay instant gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Answer 88

Self-control

Question 89

Learning by watching and observing others

Answer 89

Observational Learning

Question 90

The person whose behavior the subject watches and imitates

Answer 90

The Model

Question 91

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 91

Modeling

Question 92

Neurons in the frontal lobe and they fire when a subject observes another performing a task and is able to replicate it

Answer 92

Mirror Neurons

Question 93

That a child can “share” another’s experience and empathize what they see

Answer 93

The Theory of Mind

Question 94

Studied observational learning and the consequences a model has on subjects. Responsible for Bobo Doll experiment

Answer 94

Albert Bandura

Question 95

Study where children viewed how an adult interacted with a doll and then when placed in the room with that doll acted in a similar fashion (aggressivity)

Answer 95

Bobo Doll Experiment

Question 96

Learning by seeing the consequences of another’s behavior

Answer 96

Vicarious Learning

Question 97

Negative, destructive and abusive behavior

Answer 97

Antisocial Behavior

Question 98

Positive, constructive and helpful behavior

Answer 98

Prosocial Behavior