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AP Psychology > AP Psych: Unit 0 > Flashcards

AP Psych: Unit 0 Flashcards

Vocab words from Unit 0 of AP Psychology. (58 cards)

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1
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

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2
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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4
Q

Peer Reviewers

A

Experts in a particular field who evaluate the validity, quality, and originality of research prior to publishment.

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5
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors and events.

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, not yet confirmed or unconfirmed.

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7
Q

Falsifiable

A

The possibility that a hypothesized relationship can be shown to be incorrect.

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8
Q

Operational Definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures, helps with future replication.

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9
Q

Replication

A

The repetition of a research study with different participants in different situations to measure results.

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10
Q

Case Study

A

An in depth study of one person or group who has a certain quality or condition.

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11
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A research method in which the results of multiple studies addressing the same question are synthesized to produce overall conclusions.

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

The observation and recording of behavior in natural situation without manipulation of the situation.

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13
Q

Survey

A

Non-experimental method for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group.

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14
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

The tendency of survey respondents to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

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15
Q

Self-Report Bias

A

Bias when people report their behavior inaccurately.

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16
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

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17
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a larger population that researchers select to study, hoping to draw conclusions about the entire population.

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18
Q

Sampling Bias

A

When a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

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19
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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20
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Technique where subjects are chosen based on proximity/accessibility (diminishes integrity).

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21
Q

Representative Sampling

A

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole.

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22
Q

Experimental Methodology

A

A research design where a researcher manipulates one or more variables (the independent variable) to determine its effect on another variable (the dependent variable).

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23
Q

Non-Experimental Methodology

A

Research designs where researchers do not manipulate or control the variables they are studying, instead observing and describing them as they naturally occur.

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24
Q

Correlation

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A

A statistical relationship between two or more variables, indicating that they tend to change together.

25
Correlation Coefficient
A statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Scores between -1 and 1, with the closer to zero meaning the weaker the correlation, negative values mean negative correlation and positive values mean positive correlation.
26
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables, the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.
27
Regression Toward the Mean
The tendency for extreme scores or observations to become closer to the average when measured again.
28
Experiment
A controlled research method used to investigate the relationship between variables, specifically the independent and dependent variables.
29
Experiment Group
The group of participants who are exposed to a specific manipulation or treatment of the independent variable.
30
Control Group
The group of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment or manipulation.
31
Independent Variable
The variable that a researcher directly manipulates or controls to observe its effect.
32
Dependent Variable
The outcome being measured and is thought to be influenced by the independent variable.
33
Random Assignment
A procedure where participants are assigned to different experimental groups (e.g., treatment or control) entirely by chance, ensuring each person has an equal opportunity to be in any group.
34
Single-Blind Procedure
Experiment where the participants are unaware of which experimental condition they are in, while the researchers and data analysts are aware.
35
Double-Blind Procedure
Experiment where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.
36
Placebo
An inert substance or sham treatment that is administered to a patient, often in a controlled study, to investigate the effects of expectations and beliefs on the patient's response.
37
Placebo Effect
A phenomenon where an individual experiences a positive physical or mental response to a treatment, not because of the treatment's active ingredients, but due to the belief in the treatment itself.
38
Confounding Variable
An extraneous variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables in a study, making it difficult to determine the true cause-and-effect relationship between the variables of interest.
39
Experimenter Bias
The unconscious influence a researcher's expectations or preferences have on the results of an experiment.
40
Quantitative Research
A systematic, objective investigation of observable phenomena that uses numerical data and statistical analysis to test and understand relationships between variables.
41
Qualitative Research
A method that explores and understands complex human experiences through non-numerical data like interviews, observations, and focus groups.
42
Likert Scales
A psychometric scale commonly used in questionnaires to measure opinions, attitudes, or behaviors.
43
Institutional Review
A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure they adhere to ethical guidelines and regulations, particularly when human participants are involved.
44
Informed Consent
A process where individuals are fully informed about all aspects of a study or intervention to make an informed decision about whether to participate or not.
45
Informed Assent
A process where individuals who are minors are fully informed about all aspects of a study or intervention to make an informed decision about whether to participate or not.
46
Protect from Harm
Ensuring participants physical safety, emotional well-being, privacy rights, dignity preservation during any psychological research or interventions.
47
Research Confederates
An individual who is part of the research team but is presented to the real participants as a fellow participant.
48
Debriefing
A structured discussion that takes place after a research study, experiment, or critical incident.
49
Measures of Central Tendency
Statistics that provide a single value to represent the "center" or "typical" value of a dataset.
50
Mode
The most frequent value or category in a set of data.
51
Mean
The average value of a set of data.
52
Median
The middle value in a sorted dataset.
53
Measures of Variation
Statistics that describe the spread or dispersion of data within a set.
54
Range
A statistical measure of dispersion and a concept related to gene-environment interactions.
55
Standard Deviation
A statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variability or spread within a set of data, particularly around the mean (average) value.
56
Normal Curve
A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side.
57
Statistical Significance
The likelihood that research findings are not due to random chance, but rather indicate a genuine effect or relationship between variables.
58
Effect Size
A quantitative measure that represents strength of the relationship between two variables or the difference between groups.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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