AP Psych: Unit 4 Flashcards
Vocab words from Unit 4 of AP Psychology. (104 cards)
1
Q
Attribution
A
People’s explanations for why events or actions occur.
2
Q
Dispositional Attribution
A
Assuming that another’s behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones.
3
Q
Situational Attributions
A
Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck.
4
Q
Actor-Observer Bias
A
The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities.
5
Q
Explanatory Style
A
One’s habitual way of explaining life events. Can be optimistic or pessimistic.
6
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
7
Q
Self-Serving Bias
A
The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors.
8
Q
Internal Locus of Control
A
The perception that you control your own fate.
9
Q
External Locus of Control
A
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
10
Q
Mere Exposure Effect
A
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
11
Q
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
A
An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
12
Q
Social Comparison
A
Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
13
Q
Relative Deprivation
A
The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
14
Q
Stereotype
A
A generalized belief about a group of people.
15
Q
Cognitive Load
A
The amount of a person’s cognitive resources needed to carry out a particular cognitive task.
16
Q
Prejudice
A
Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
17
Q
Discrimination
A
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.
18
Q
Implicit Attitudes
A
Attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious.
19
Q
Just-World Phenomemnon
A
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
20
Q
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
A
Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.
21
Q
In-Group Bias
A
Tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group.
22
Q
Ethnocentrism
A
Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group.
23
Q
Belief Perseverance
A
Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.
24
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
25
Cognitive Dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions.
26
Social Norms
The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members.
27
Social Influence Theory
Theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis.
28
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
29
Informational Normal Influence
The influence other people have on us because we want to be right.
30
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
31
Central Route Persuasion
A method where people are persuaded by logical arguments and evidence.
32
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A method when people are persuaded by superficial cues(speakers looks) rather than the actual facts.
33
Halo Effect
Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements.
34
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
35
Door-in-the-Face Technique
Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted.
36
Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
37
Obedience
Changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure.
38
Individualism
A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
39
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.
40
Multiculturalism
The practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture.
41
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
42
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
43
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
44
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
45
Deindividuation
A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
46
Social Facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
47
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
48
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
49
Social Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
50
Bystander Effect
The finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders.
51
Personality
An individual's unique, enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
52
Psychodynamic Theory
Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior.
53
Ego
The part of the personality that operates on the reality principle, mediating between the demands of the id (instinctual desires) and the superego (moral conscience) to form a balanced and socially acceptable personality.
54
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological strategies that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety and other unpleasant feelings.
55
Denial
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
56
Displacement
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
57
Projection
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
58
Rationalization
Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.
59
Reaction Formation
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.
60
Regression
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
61
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
62
Sublimation
A mature type of defense mechanism, in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
63
Projective Tests
Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
64
Preconscious
Freud's term for what is stored in one's memory that one is not presently aware of but can access.
65
Unconscious
A part of the mind, below the level of conscious awareness, containing thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires that are not readily accessible to introspection.
66
Humanistic Psychology
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.
67
Unconditional Positive Regard
Respecting and accepting a patient as a unique individual.
68
Self-Actualizing Tendency
The human motive toward realizing our inner potential.
69
Social-Cognitive Theory
The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.
70
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment on personality.
71
Self-Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?".
72
Self-Efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness.
73
Self-Esteem
How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself.
74
Traits
Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are relatively stable and consistent across different situations.
75
The Big Five Theory
A trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality.
76
Agreeableness
How trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is.
77
Openness to Experience
How intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is.
78
Extraversion
Dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people.
79
Conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
80
Emotional Stability
The degree to which someone is not angry, depressed, anxious, emotional, insecure, and excitable.
81
Personality Inventories
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
82
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
83
Drive-Reduction Theory
A theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis.
84
Arousal Theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
85
Optimal Level of Arousal
Theory arguing that humans are driven to increase or decrease arousal to produce a comfortable level that is not over- nor under stimulating.
86
Self-Determination Theory
A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.
87
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
88
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for an external reward.
89
Incentive Theory
A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.
90
Instincts
The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
91
Approach-Approach Conflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives.
92
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects.
93
Avoidance-Avoidance Coflict
Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives.
94
Sensation-Seeking Theory
Theory states that individuals seek activities and experience that gratify their need for sensation.
95
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that circulate in the bloodstream and regulate various bodily functions, impacting behavior, mood, and physiological processes.
96
Ghrelin
A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
97
Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
98
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
99
Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
100
Emotion
Complex mental and physical responses to stimuli that involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and subjective experiences.
101
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.
102
Broaden-and-Build Theory
Theory that suggests that positive emotions broaden an individual's awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions.
103
Universal Emotions
A set of emotions that are believed to be universally recognized and expressed across cultures, regardless of individual upbringing.
104
Display Rules
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
