AP Psych: Unit 5 Flashcards
Vocab words from Unit 5 of AP Psychology. (135 cards)
1
Q
Health Psychology
A
The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health.
2
Q
Stress
A
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
3
Q
Eustress
A
A positive type of stress that can motivate and inspire an individual to take action, leading to improved performance and a sense of accomplishment.
4
Q
Hypertension
A
High blood pressure.
5
Q
Immune Suppression
A
A decrease in the production of antibodies.
6
Q
Distress
A
A state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation.
7
Q
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
A
Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.
8
Q
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A
Seyle’s concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
9
Q
Alarm
A
The initial reaction to a stressor; activates protective processes within the body.
10
Q
Resistance
A
Second phase of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and maintains resources to cope with the stressor.
11
Q
Fight-Flight-Freeze Response
A
An involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate threat (or stressor) in readiness for fight (confront), flight (escape) or freeze (avoid detection).
12
Q
Exhaustion
A
Third phase of the GAS, during which the body’s resources become depleted.
13
Q
Tend-and-Befriend Theory
A
Theory that females are more likely than males to respond to stressors with behaviors that:
Quiet, nurture and care for offspring (tending)
Establish and maintain social networks (befriending).
14
Q
Problem-Focused Coping
A
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
15
Q
Emotion-Focused Coping
A
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.
16
Q
Meditation
A
A mental practice that involves focusing attention on a single target, like the breath or a sound, to achieve a state of heightened awareness and relaxed focus.
17
Q
Positive Psychology
A
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
18
Q
Well-Being
A
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
19
Q
Resilience
A
The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
20
Q
Gratitude
A
Appreciation, thankfulness.
21
Q
Signature Strengths
A
Positive traits that a person owns, celebrates, and frequently exercises.
22
Q
Virtues
A
Firm attitudes, stable dispositions, habitual perfections of intellect and will that govern our actions, order our passions, and guide our conduct according to reason and faith.
23
Q
Character Strengths
A
Positive traits that contribute to an individual’s overall well-being and life satisfaction.
24
Q
Wisdom
A
A character strength related to the cognitive process of acquiring and utilizing knowledge to make sound judgments and contribute to the betterment of oneself and others.
25
Courage
A character strength that refers to the ability to overcome obstacles and face challenges with bravery, persistence, and a willingness to act according to one's values.
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Humanity
A character strength that refers to positive traits like kindness, love, and social intelligence that contribute to caring interpersonal relationships.
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Justice
A character strength refers to a positive trait related to civic engagement and fair treatment within a community.
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Temperance
A character strength that focuses on the ability to manage one's behavior and emotions, particularly protecting against excess.
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Transcendence
A character trait that refers to the ability to connect with something larger than oneself, like the universe or a higher power, to find meaning and purpose.
30
Psychological Disorder
A pattern of thought, feeling, or behavior that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning in daily life.
31
Dysfunction
Impaired or abnormal functioning.
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Stigma
A mark of disgrace or shame associated with a particular characteristic, quality, or person.
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APA
American Psychological Association, a professional organization for psychologists in the United States.
34
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a handbook that provides a common language and standard criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.
35
World Health Organization
A specialized agency of the United Nations that leads and coordinates global health efforts.
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International Classification of Mental Disorders
Global categorization system for physical and mental illnesses published by the World Health Organization.
37
Biopsychosocial Model
A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness.
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Diathesis-Stress Model
A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event.
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Diathesis
A predisposition or vulnerability to developing a mental disorder.
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
A group of conditions manifested early in development that are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
41
Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
Severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations.
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Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
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Delusions of Persecution
A type of delusion where individuals hold the false belief that they are being targeted, harassed, or mistreated by others.
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Delusions of Grandeur
A type of delusion, a fixed, false belief not in line with reality, where the person believes they are superior in some way.
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Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
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Disorganized Thinking or Speech
Disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says.
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Word Salad
A word salad is a form of disorganized speech where the individual's words are seemingly random and lack a discernible meaning.
48
Disorganized Motor Behavior
Ranges from unusually active to barely moving; unusual grimaces and gestures.
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Catatonia
A state characterized by a disturbance in motor behavior, often involving rigidity, overactivity, or bizarre postures.
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Stupor
An immobile, expressionless, coma-like state associated with schizophrenia.
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Negative Symptoms
Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.
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Flat Affect
A lack of emotional responsiveness.
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Positive Symptoms
Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.
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Schizophrenia
A severe mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, including hallucinations and delusions, along with disorganized thinking and unusual behavior.
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Acute Schizophrenia
The active phase of the disorder, characterized by the most severe symptoms of psychosis, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thoughts and behaviors.
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Chronic Schizophrenia
A persistent, long-term mental illness characterized by a range of symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and negative symptoms like flat affect.
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Dopamine Hypothesis
A hypothesis states that schizophrenia is linked to an overactivity or excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
58
Depressive Disorders
A category of mental illnesses characterized by persistent sadness, low mood, and loss of interest in activities, often accompanied by other symptoms like low self-esteem, fatigue, and changes in sleep and appetite.
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Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
A form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder.
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Bipolar Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
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Mania
A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.
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Depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness.
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Anxiety Disorders
A category of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety.
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Specific Phobia
Fear of objects or specific situations or events.
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Acrophobia
Fear of heights.
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Arachnophobia
Fear of spiders.
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Agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.
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Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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Panic Attacks
Sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.
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Culture-Bound Anxiety Disorder
Patterns of thought and behavior specific to a particular culture that are not recognized or understood outside of that culture.
72
Ataque de Nervios
Observed in latin american groups. symptoms include trembling, uncontrollable shouting, intense crying, heat in the chest rising to the head, and dizziness. this tends to surface during stressful family events such as funerals, and divorces.
73
Social Anxiety Disorder
Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such.
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Taijin Kyofusho
Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
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Obsessions
Persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress.
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Compulsions
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety.
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Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
80
Dissociations
A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
81
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
A group of mental health conditions that arise from exposure to traumatic or stressful events.
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Hypervigilance
State of ongoing anxiety in which the person is constantly tense and alert for threats.
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Flashbacks
Vivid and intrusive recollections of a traumatic event.
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Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
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Emotional Detachment
Detachment from social relationships, as well as a general disinterest in them.
86
Hostility
The intentional use of unfriendly or offensive behavior.
87
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Disorders that are characterized by persistent disturbances in eating or eating-related behavior that result in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impair physical health or psychosocial functioning.
88
Personality Disorders
Enduring and inflexible patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate significantly from cultural expectations, causing significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
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Cluster A Personality Disorders
Odd or eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.
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Cluster B Personality Disorders
Dramatic, emotional, erratic.
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Cluster C Personality Disorders
Anxious, fearful.
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Meta Analysis
A "study of studies" that combines the results of multiple independent research studies to arrive at a broader conclusion about a specific topic or treatment.
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Evidence-Based Interventions
Treatments that have been found to be effective on the basis of valid and reliable research studies.
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Therapeutic Alliance
A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.
95
Psychotropic Medication Therapy
Drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance.
96
Asylums
Mental institutions.
97
Ethical Principles
A set of guidelines for conducting research and providing psychological services, ensuring the well-being of participants and maintaining the integrity of the field.
98
Nonmaleficence
The ethical principle of avoiding actions that could cause harm or injury to others.
99
Fidelity
Being accountable and trustworthy in professional relationships.
100
Deinstitutionalization
The shift in mental healthcare away from large, inpatient psychiatric institutions towards community-based outpatient care.
101
Psychological Therapies
Treatments using psychological techniques involving interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
102
Integrity
The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.
103
Respect
A behavioral norm that involves treating others with consideration and regard for their character, competence, and worth.
104
Psychodynamic Therapies
Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems.
105
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
106
Dream Interpretation
A technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations.
107
Unconscious Mind
The part of the mind that is not consciously accessible, containing thoughts, memories, and impulses that are hidden from our direct awareness but still influence our behavior and personality.
108
Cognitive Therapies
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
109
Cognitive Restructuring
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
110
Fear Hierarchies
Feared objects, activities or situations are ranked according to difficulty. They begin with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.
111
Cognitive Triad
According to Beck, there are 3 important areas of life that are most influenced by the depressive cognitive schema; this refers to information about the self, about the world, and about the future.
112
Applied Behavior Analysis
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
113
Biofeedback
A technique where individuals learn to control involuntary physiological responses, like heart rate or muscle tension, by using visual or auditory feedback from electronic instruments.
114
Exposure Therapies
Behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.
115
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
116
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.
117
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
A type of talk therapy (psychotherapy), based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), but it's specially adapted for people who experience emotions very intensely.
118
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions.
119
Humanistic Approach to Therapy
Therapists focus on the client's potential for growth, emphasizing their ability to take control of their own lives and make choices that lead to self-actualization.
120
Person-Centered Therapy
Therapy centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems.
121
Active Listening
Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
122
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
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Group Therapy
Treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor.
124
Individual Therapy
A one-on-one therapeutic approach where a mental health professional works with a client to address their specific emotional, behavioral, or mental health concerns.
125
Hypnosis
State of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion.
126
Psychoactive Medications
Medications used to change, modify, or alter an individual's behavior or mood. This general term includes antianxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and hypnotic medications.
127
Antidepressants
Drugs that combat depression by affecting the levels or activity of neurotransmitters in the brain.
128
Antianxiety Medication
A class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety.
129
Lithium
A mood stabilising medicine used to treat certain mental illnesses, such as: mania, hypomania, bipolar disorder.
130
Antipsychotic Medications
Block dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine, and norepinephrine receptors in the brain and periphery. Acute and chronic psychosis, schizophrenia, manic phase of bipolar disorders, Tourette's syndrome, delusional and schizoaffective disorders, dementia. Conventional (typical) or atypical.
131
Tardive Dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.
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Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
The use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
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Lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
