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AP World History > AP world history: major belief systems > Flashcards

AP world history: major belief systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Confucianism

A

Period of warring states
Collapse of Zhou dynasty: political disintigration, social chaos

Search for restoration of order
Personal peace

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2
Q

Confucius

A 
Kong fuzi
Well educated
Illegitimate son of an aristocrat
Career goal : government administer : failed
Itinerate teacher
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3
Q

The analects

A

5 relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, friend and friend.

Filial piety: loyal to parents, filius (son) pius (duty), children must obey parents, children must care for the elderly, children must honor their parents after death.

Ren and Li: general benevolence, propriety and etiquette

If one incorporates all of this criteria, they can become a junti

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4
Q

Junti

A

Scholar gentleman
Superior man

Well educated
Well mannered
Respected ritual and ceremony
Honored traditions

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5
Q

Analects collaborated by:

A

Mencius: emphasis on ren, not very practical (too optimistic)
Xunzi: humans are selfish, strong discipline, emphasis on Li

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6
Q

Daoism

A

Also a response to the period of warring states
Reflection and introspection of natural principles
Harmony to society as a whole

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7
Q

Laozi

A

Daodejing: classic of the way and virtue

Zuangzi : compendium of Daoism philosophy

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8
Q

The dao

A

The way of nature, the way of the cosmos
An eternal principle governing all the working ps of the world
Passive and yeilding
Does nothing yet accomplishes everything
Ambition and activism only brought the world to chaos
Doctrine of wuwei
Advocated small self sufficient communities

Served as counterbalance to Confucian activism

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9
Q

The doctrine of wuwei

A

Disengagement from worldly affairs, simple life
Refrain from advanced education
Less government the better

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10
Q

Legalism

A

A response and solution to the turmoil of the period of warring state
Concerned itself only with the state

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11
Q

Shan yang

A

Ruthless emperor
Legalist
Policies survive in his book
Chief minister of the Qin and legalistic writer

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12
Q

Han feizi

A

Synthesized legalized ideas in essays
Student of xunzi
Organized views on statecraft
Part of Qin court

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13
Q

Legalistic doctrine

A

The states strength was in arpgriculture and military force
Discouraged commerce, education, and the arts
Harnessing self- interest of the people for the needs of the store
Big punishments for small crimes
Not popular, but worked and eliminated POWs

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14
Q

Jainism

A

Ahisma: Nonviolence: did not want to disturb settings

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15
Q

Monotheism characteristics

A 
1 God
Concept of history
Proof of historical founder
Revelation of truth
Authoritative message
Given time
Short and definitive scripture
Decisive statement : law, belief
Mystical poetry: psalms
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16
Q

Eastern religions

A

Cyclical reincarnation

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17
Q

Western religion

A

Start, moving to an end
Savior, messiah
Final judgement
Recreation of Heaven and Earth

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18
Q

Basic/ indigenous religion

A

Ancient
Native
Religious
Animism

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19
Q

Animism:

A

Every natural thing has a soul

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20
Q

Shaman

A

Witch doctor associated with polytheism

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21
Q

Aryans

A

The wheaten ones
Beliefs compiled in the Vedas
Indoeuropeans

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22
Q

Dravidians

A

Brown people
Kicked put by aryans
Indigenous people’s

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23
Q

Sanskrit

A

Vedas language

Holy language

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24
Q

Rig Vedas

A

Collection of hymns prayers, and magic spells

1028 hymns

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25
World of the fathers
Samsara
26
Indra
``` Chief God Loud Fun loving Warrior god Monsoons and fertility of land ```
27
Varuna
Sky god Oversaw human behavior Maintained order
28
Upanishads
Commentaries on the Vedas | Written by sages and ascetics
29
Brahman
Unifying force of GE universe Unchanging and eternal Only one true reality of the universe
30
Atman
Individual should entering body at birth | Goal is to reunite with Brahman
31
Samsara
Dead --> world of fathers, return in reincarnation
32
Karma
Determines the conditions of reincarnation
33
Moksha
Completion of the cycle
34
Yoga
Meditation and exercise
35
Caste system
Hereditary; each caste was subject to different laws
36
Varna
Individual castes
37
Bhagavad Gita
Embodiment of drama
38
Aretha
Honest prosperity
39
Kama
Sexual pleasures
40
Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha | Meditated for 49 days searching for enlightenment
41
Nirvana
Moksha for normal people
42
Theravada Buddhism
Lesser vehicle | South Asia
43
Mahayana Buddhism
Viewed Buddha as a God | Religious
44
Boddhisatvas
The saints | Attained nirvana but decided to stay on earth to help others
45
Stupa
Buddhas belongings and body parts
46
Asoka
Military ruler who converted to and spread Hinduism
47
Yin and yang
Complementary forces to nature Yin: female, dark, passive Yang: male, light, active
48
Monotheism
One god
49
Eschatology
The sudy of the end times
50
Zarathustra
``` Indo aryan founder Pries in indo aryan tradition Vision: became so Zoroaster Received basic elements of religion, order to proclaim message to people Message influenced: Judaism, Christianity, Islam All abrahamic religions ```
51
Ahura Mazda
Good god Only do good things and create good things Paradise
52
Ahriman
Evil god
53
Zend Avesta
Scripture 2 Gathas: written by Zoroaster Priests
54
Ethical monotheism
Belief in one god God is a righteous God God reuqires righteous behaviors from humans
55
Ethical world view
Everyone must lead a moral life No one is above Gods laws Respect for human life Concern for others
56
Prophets
11-5th century bce Messengers of God Reveal Gods will to people Message: maintain monotheism, care for the less fortunate, disobediance is disorder.
57
Torah
History Law 5 books Oral traditions After Babylonian captivity, written in Hebrew 3rd century bce translated into Greek, Pentateuch
58
Abraham
``` Originally abram Worshipped one god Many descendants Land in the west Descendants: 12 tribes, Jacob who led the tribes to Canaan, renewed covenant, and went through the name change, Jacob to Israel 12 tribes of Israel ```
59
Moses
1700 bce Migration of Egypt Hyksos 1500 enslavement of Hebrews 1300 departure from Egypt: exodus Ten Commandments: renewed covenant. Basic law of Hebrews 1200 return to Canaan, conquest, opposition, Canaanites, Hebrews--> Israelites---> Jews
60
David
Chosen by God to be king Powerful kingdom Jerusalem
61
Solomon
Expanded kingdom of David Built temple After Solomon - division into two tribes Jrusalems, farmers, herders Israel north: ten tribes, prosperous, artisans, merchants
62
The lost tribes
721 ce Assyrian conquerors Deportation Loss of the 10 tribes
63
Babylonian captivity
Jews loss of identity | Written scriptures
64
Diaspora
``` Migration of Jews 721 ce began Continued throughout 4 centuries Some chose to stay in Babylon and Persia Others moved to ``` Europe, India, Africa, china
65
Gospels
Matthew mark Luke
66
Peter
Chosen as the leader by Jesus Spread Jesus' message Established church at Rome Executed in Rome: crucified upside down
67
Pal
``` 2nd founder of Christianity Transformed Christianity Frm Jewish sect into separate religion Considered an apostle Saul --> Paul ```
68
Epistles
``` Writings Letters to Christian communities: Encouragement Direction Correction Formed part of Christian testament of bible ```
69
What are the problems that historians encounter in the study of basic/ indigenous religions?
Question of "purity" Influency of outside contacts Question of influence
70
Describe the role of magic in indigenous religions
World is controlled by forces that can be manipulated | Magicians control nature
71
How do magic and religion differ
Religion: prayer asks God or gods to act in a certain way Magic: rituals force nature to behave in a certain way
72
What are the unique features of Hinduism?
No single founder No specific beginning No specific scripture No centralized authority
73
How does the individual soul achieve moksha?
Asceticism (purify) | Simple life, fasting, denial of pleasures
74
What aspects of Hinduism did Buddha discard?
``` Strict self esteem Caste system / varna Priestly class Elitism Use of Sanskrit ```
75
Appeals of Buddhism
Moderation in comparison to the ascetics of Hinduism Rejection of complicated rituals and sacrifices Emphasis on ethical living Concept of personal salvation - nirvana Rejection of caste system attracted lower class Use of vernacular languages instead of Sanskrit
76
Greater vehicle vs the lesser vehicle
Greater vehicle: Mahayana Buddhism : encompassed the "simplification" , opened nirvana to more people, increased popularity, spread to India, Japan, Korea, china Lesser vehicle: Theravada Buddhism or Hinayana Buddhism : retained the rigors of Buddhism, rejected divinity of Buddha, did not recognize the bodhisattvas, South Asia
77
Qualities of a junzi and a Confucian leader
Junzi: well educated, well mannered, maintained traditions, respected rituals Leaders rule by example, not force
78
Role of an individual in Confcjaracteristics of major monotheistic religions
``` Historical founder Revelation of end Savior Short and definitive scripture Given time Concept of history Authoritative message ```
79
Basic characteristics of Judaism
``` Ethical monotheism Ethical world view Sense of history Covenant Personal relationship between god and humans ```
80
How have Jews maintained their identity?
Hebrews Israelites Jews
81
Who did Christianity appeal to?
Women, poor, slaves

AP World History (7 decks)

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