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AP World History > AP World History : The foundations of Christian Society in W.Europe / High Middle Ages > Flashcards

AP World History : The foundations of Christian Society in W.Europe / High Middle Ages Flashcards

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1
Q

The Mideval era

A

“The middle ages”
after classical period
before modern era

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2
Q

the medieval era time period

A

high middle ages 1000-1500ce (HMA)

early middle ages 500-1000ce (EMA)

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3
Q

EMA period of recovery

A

germanic invasions
de-population
collapse of roman empire

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4
Q

EMA was not

A

NOT a powerful imperial structure : Abbassids, Tang, Song

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5
Q

EMA was more like

A

More like India (politically disunified, occupied by regional states)

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6
Q

EMA was unlike

A

unlike India, China, Dar al-Islam: no hemispheric communication
no hemispheric exchange

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7
Q

EMA political society

A

not centralized imperial rule

decentralized system: regional rulers, local authorities

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8
Q

EMA economic society

A

no urban industrial society, agricultural society (more agricultural / land production)
basis for trade and development

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9
Q

EMA cultural society

A

Roman Christianity: principal source of cultural authority

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10
Q

EMA GERMANIC STATES

A

displaced roman authority and institutions
replaced with germanic institutions
incorporated Roman influences: Roman law, Titles and structures, Christianity

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11
Q

Franks

A

most influential germanic tribe
temporarily reestablished imperial rule
shifted focus from Mediterranean to N.Europe

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12
Q

Clovis (481 - 511)

A

Frankish King
united the franks into a single kingdom
converted to Roman Christianity: won support of population, alliance with pope and hierarchy
founder of merovingian dynasty

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13
Q

Merovingian monarchs

A

after clovis, kingdom divided
“the do nothing kings”
mayor of the palace - major domo
real power, hereditary position: Carolingians

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14
Q

Charles (The Hammer) Martel (688-741)

A 
Mayor of the palace (718-741)
Met the threat of the moors
created a cavalry (battle horses) for the frankish army
-professional soldiers
-mounted soldiers (1st knight)
-land in return for military service
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15
Q

Charles Martel battle of tours 732

A

defeated the moors
stopped Muslim advances into Europe
Preserved Christianity in Europe

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16
Q

Peppin the Short (714 - 768)

A

son of charles martel
king of franks (752-768)
took throne away from merovingian kings
new dynasty: carolingians
allied with pope: protected the pope and Rome from germanic tribes
gave pope land in Italy: pope became a political ruler, states of church until 1870

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17
Q

Charlemagne (742-814; reign 800-814)

A

created a large empire

spread of roman christianity

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18
Q

Charlemagne reforms

A

organized systems of governemt: counts and counties, systems of supervision: missi dominici (envois of the lord)
revived economy: trade, manufacturing
began schools: local schools, palace schools: imported scholars from Europe trained government officials
carolingian miniscule: systems of writing

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19
Q

Charlemagne christmas day

A

crowned roman emperor by pope leo III
established holy roman empire
son: louis the pious

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20
Q

EMS organization

A

Ruling elites: Nobles
military and politically strong men (maintain law and order / protection)
nominal allegiance to an often nebulous higher authority
acted with increasing independence
functions: taxation, defense, justice, local govt.
“Retainers” - private armies, land in return for military service, land and labor = income (horses, weapons, and armor), hereditary role

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21
Q

Serfs and manors

A

importance: source of agricultural success

necessary for maintenance of the system

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22
Q

serfs

A

evolved from free peasants and slaves
non free agricultural labor
bound to the land
Rights: access to land, inheritance rights
obligations: labor services, rents/fees, bound to land

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23
Q

manors

A

basic form of agricultural organization

serf-sufficient communities

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24
Q

role of the lord

A

administration
supervision
justice

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25
by 10th century
political stability restored ecnomic revival renewed european participation in E.Hemisphere
26
Agricultural surplus
Heavy plows beginning of Great Clearing Watermills: grind grains, freed human/animal labor supports elites but it isn't enough to support cities / large populations.
27
trade
``` did not disappear CONSTRICTED local markets maritime trade in Mediterranean trade across religious lines: christians, muslims role of Norse Merchants: Abbasids (silver in the baltic) ```
28
3 factors aiding the christianization of W.Europe
franks papacy monasteries
29
results of christianity
latin language | adherence to roman church
30
Clovis' conversion
support of Roman Church Hierarchy support of the Christian population of former Roman provinces church provided franks with educated, literate individuals: record keeping, scribes, secretaries
31
Franks
protectors of Roman Church and Popes
32
Charlemagne and Christianization | Education
``` school at Aachen (similar to Nalanda) - a university most important christian scholars copied bibles and latin literature taught christian literature monastic schools parish schools results: literacy in latin, Christian doctrine, outpouring of literature. aka "carolingian renaissance" ```
33
Charlemagne and christianization | christianization
mostle forceful: saxons encouraged missionary activity pockets of pagans remained 1000 christianity= major religion
34
The Papacy (development)
After 476: cooperation with Byzantine emperors later more independent actions 1054 split between Eastern and Western Christianity popes followed their own course strong popes
35
Gregory 1 (530-604)
Lombard treat papal primacy: pope = ultimate authority in church, theology = sacrament of penance missionary activity aimed at kings and ruling elites
36
Later pope continued...
Gregory's emphasis on missionary activity
37
Monasticism
Early monasticism: desert fathers / mothers variety of approaches extreme asceticism loose affiliations
38
Benedict of Nursia
``` Benedictine rule a moderate approach no severe asceticism direction / structure "ora et labore" : prayer 8x a day - opus dei meditation productive work ```
39
scholastica
benedictine rule for women
40
after 700 most monasteries follow...
benedictine rule
41
major influence on
later western monasticism
42
Role of monasteries / monks: civilizing effect
agriculture: supervision, technology, innovation education: elementary and higher education ~education for women social services: health cares, social welfare agency libraries scriptorium record keepers / secretaries for ruling elites
43
High Middle ages (HMS) 1000-1350
time of tremendous intellectual and artistic vitality
44
HMS Characteristics
growth of educational institutions: universities quickening philosophical and theological thought: scholasticism revival of roman law rebirth of interest in classical culture development of vernacular languages and lit. burst of activity in art and architecture: cathedral (romanesque, gothic) an increased important role for cities and courts
45
HMS rise of national monarchies
taxation, bureaucracies, legal systems (laws/courts) | armies
46
Creation of regional states
europeans dreamed of a centralized christian european state / empire Holy roman empire: and attempt but not reality, a german kingdom with influences: independence of German princes, involvement of italy--- result: a disjointed state Expansion opposed: Popes/ other european rulers regional monarchies emerged: england, france, spain Imperial Papal rivalry kept from achieving a centralized state
47
Holy roman empire (HRE)
Otto 1 crowned by pope
48
HREHREHREHRE
title of hre = prestige attempts to form a hegemonic state imperial papal conflicts thwarted the attempts conflicts with Papacy: neither able to dominate the other
49
Investiture controversy
Pope Gregory VII vs Henry IV Gregory won papal inventions in German affairs increased independence of german princes diminished imperial authority
50
FRANCE
Hugh Capet elected King capetian kings created a patchwork quilt france war diplomacy marriage 14th century: a centralized state with limitations
51
ENGLAND
Normandy: Viking in nature, nominally subject to capetians but remained a tightly centralized state little regard for nobles all land owned by duke retains right to grant land
52
England (1066)
Norman conqueror: WIlliam the conqueror tightly controlled state dominated by king centralization:taxation, justice limited by involvement in french affairs
53
Italy
Political salad bowl: ecclesiastical state (political leadership under a pope or member of clergy) city states principalities papal leadership: sometimes control importance of trade among N. City States S.Italy: foreign domination: muslims, normans, spanish.
54
Spain
Muslim control spanish christian national status muslim toehold on granada
55
HMS the great warm up
after 800 perfect weather ends about 1300
56
HMS the great clearing
population pressure population growth and need for food = expansion of arable land, forest cleared, swamps drained, irrigation, terrace farming marginal lands brought under cultivation: population growth, increased labor
57
HMS Agricultural technology
MONKS AND MONASTERIES New crops/ improved live stock better cycles of crop rotation increased fertility: bean/ legume cultivation, manure expanded the use of heavy plows and watermills horse collar and horse shoe
58
Improved diet and nutrition --->
population explosion --> trade / urbanization
59
Guilds were similar to
JATI | merchants and artisans
60
Urbanization
revival of old roman cities: London & Paris new cities: N.Italy, Flanders (Netherlands, N.Europe) diverse society: serfs, free peasants, nobles government: sought freedom from nobles, charters, town councils ( often dominated by nobles, law&order, defense, taxation.)
61
Hanseanatic league
``` Baltic region trade union of cities almost a state diplomats, military, taxes links: river system, Mediterranean basin ```
62
Guild functions
``` regulated production limited regulation of competition regulated price quality control training and education ```
63
Guild social role
socialization | social welfare of membership
64
guilds lacked the
judicial role of the jati
65
HMS importance of roman christianity
social role: rites of passage art/ architecture, lit., music synthesis of Aristotelian philosophy and christianity growth of popular religion
66
The Church as an educating force | Carolingian mandate
monasteries, cathedral schools: training of priests | palace schools: training of elites
67
After 800 = no formal education
Monastic schools | ruling elites: scholars at court, tutors for sons
68
No course of study except
bible | church of fathers
69
HMS Cathedral schools
``` formal curriculum: liberal arts literature philosophy history rhetoric (sophists) ``` LATIN
70
expansion of cathedral schools
admission of lay students | specialization: law, theology, med.
71
Universities
guild system: academic, student, faculty evolved into universities charters
72
Scholasticism
great intellectual achievement | a synthesis: Aristotelian reliance on observation and reson, concept of faith.
73
St. Thomas Aquinas
"the Dumb ox" attemped to reconcile faith and reason taught the possibility to prove the existence of god SUMMA THEOLOGICA
74
Popular religion
``` Theology vs. Feeling sacraments: trites, most popular: eucharists (mass) veneration of saints cult of virgin mary relics (stupas) pilgrimages ```
75
Cathedral construction
romanesque: 6-10 centuries barrel vaults thick walls small windows
76
gothic cathedrals
``` 12-16 century pointed arches tall windows / light flying buttresses spires ```
77
technology from _________ via _______
dar al islam | spain
78
Monastic reforms:
reason: loss of rigor, acquisition of wealth | benedictine reforms: clunaic reforms, bernard of clair vaux (christians)
79
Causes of expansion
creation of powerful regional states economic developments population growth desire to spread Christianity: Pagan/Islam
80
Atlantic, Baltic, and mediterranean regions
scandinavians: greenland, ireland, N.America Baltic Basin: Teutonic knights, christianization Mediterranean: sicily, Spain (reconquista)
81
Reasons for the crusades
The Holy land: Palestine homeland of Jesus gods taken from muslims in E.Asian Empire after 4th century, pilgrimages toleration for Christians living and visiting palestine
82
seljuk turks
from central asia, converts to islam expansion: Afghanistan, middle east, e.roman empire at manzekert syria, palestine, asia minor lost
83
End of pilgrimages toleration in palestine
mistreatment of christians living and visiting palestine | pilgrimages end
84
RESULTS
military : failure | new military tech: cross bow, carrier pigeons, greekfire, siege weapons, gunpowder
85
political results
increased power of monarchs | decreased power of feudal lords
86
economic results
increased trade demand for money dominance of italian cities (florence, venice, Genoa) revival of towns demand for eastern goods: silk/cotton cloths, spices / perfumes, citrus fruits, sugar
87
social results
status of women changed new ideas from contact with the east revival of urban life
88
Religious result
at first, increased power of papcy persecution of European Jews and muslims attacks on heresy later decline in papal power and prestige: failure of crusade scandal of 4th crusade, increased authority of monarchs
89
most important religious result
long term mutual distrust between christians, jews and muslims.

AP World History (7 decks)

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