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AP World History > APWH midterm review > Flashcards

APWH midterm review Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Mesopotamia

A

“The land between two rivers”

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2
Q

Hammurabi

A

centralized bureaucracy
capital made at Babylon
Law Code: law of retribution and importance of social status (Reinforced patriarchy. women veiling)
downfall of empire: Hittite assault

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3
Q

New Babylonian Empire

A

Nebuchadnezzar : wealth shown from hanging gardens

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4
Q

Sumer

A

south

major increase in population

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5
Q

Northern Mesopotamia

A

Assyrians

powerful army: professional officers based off of merit, chariots, archers, iron weapons

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6
Q

Economy and Trade

A

Bronze, Iron, Wheels, Shipbuilding, cuneiform writing

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7
Q

Significance of Phoenicians

A

Early alphabet

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8
Q

Significance Indo Europeans

A

horses with chariots and iron metallurgy

Egypt

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9
Q

Egypt/Nubia

A

“Gift of the Nile”
Egypt is the lower third of the Nile
Egypt: Large and prosperous state by 3100BCE
Pharaoh: absolute ruler who owns all the land
social stratification: peasants and slaves (agriculture), pharaoh. professional, military, and administrators.

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10
Q

India

A

Harappan Society by the Indus river (N.India): “Gift of the Indus”
Little formation on it’s early development: Under silt deposits, Water table rose considerably, Language not deciphered yet
Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro = major cities

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11
Q

Aryans

A

Indo Europeans settle heavy on a pastoral economy
“the noble people” and “the wheaten people”
The vedic age
Lot’s of fighting between indigenous Indians (aka Dasas) and Aryans
By 500 BCE, they lost tribal organization and established regional kingdoms

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12
Q

China (Xia Dynasty)

A

Yellow river = good soil to cultivate (“China’s suffering” = extensive flooding)
Still in beginning of archaeological findings

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13
Q

China (Shang Dynasty)

A

Bronze metallurgy
rose in the Yellow River Valley
Horses and Chariots (originated from Indo-European migrants when they came to China)
Lavish tombs = Ancestor Veneration
Walled towns
Became experts in the production of pottery and Silk
limited contact with the outside world

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14
Q

China (Zhou Dynasty)

A

“Mandate of Heaven” = gave leaders the right to rule (“Son of Heaven”)
Feudalism
Nobles were given power over smaller regions of the empire
the POWS and the increasing power of the regional rulers and nomadic invasions = weakening of dynasty

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15
Q

Chinese Society

A 
Merchants = important
Mostly landless peasants
slaves were POW
Ancestor veneration and patriarchy = extremely important
Women's value decreased after Shang
Impersonal heavenly power = tian
Oracle bones = fortune tellers
Writing: pictograph --> Ideograph
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16
Q

Classical Chna (Zhou)

A

big dynasty = decentralization
introduced the use of iron in weapons and other technologies
Feudalism

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17
Q

Classical China (Qin)

A

Western China
Legalistic approach
First emperor = Shihuangdi = finished the Great Wall, burned of books and scholars (minus agricultural books), centralized and standardized state, death (Terra Cotta Soldiers)

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18
Q

Classical China (Han)

A

Liu Bang = persistent and methodical - restored order
Han Wudi = the martial emperor = emphasized centralization and expansion
Confucian educational system for bureaucrats
Great imperial expansion
Population Growth = 20 million to 60 million
Reign of Wang Mang = land redistribution by the “Socialist emperor”

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19
Q

Classical China (Later Han)

A

Yellow Turban Uprising: revolt due to problems of land distribution
fractions at court paralyzed the central government
Han collapse = China divided into regional kingdoms

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20
Q

India (Mauryan Empire)

Chandragupta Maurya

A

Magadha kingdom filled power vacuum left by withdrawal of Alexander of Macedon
Chandragupta Maurya began conquest
founded Maurya Dynasty = Arthashastra outlined administrative methods

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21
Q

India (Mauryan Empire)

Ashoka Maurya

A

Peak of empire
conquered the kingdom of kalinga
ruled through tightly organized bureaucracy
policies were written on rocks of pillars
empire declined after his death due to financial problems

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22
Q

India (Gupta Empire)

A

Founded by Chandra Gupta
Smaller and more decentralized than Maurya
Invasion of White Huns weakened the empire
After the 5th century CE, Gupta empire continued in name

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23
Q

North India (after imperial eras)

A

split into small regional states that fought constantly: Turkish speaking Nomads cross the Khyber pass and become absorbed into Indian Society, including caste system
Harsha: King Harsha briefly unified India under Imperial rule, generous, scholarly, and buddhist
Local rulers had too strong of a hold on their kingdoms; Harsha could not manage
Empire dissolved upon his assassination

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24
Q

Southern India (after imperial eras)

A

Chola Kingdom: Allowed autonomy for small local states which provided taxes that werre paid on time and created a good enforcement of laws
Hindu temples became main economic social centers; allowed peasants to farm on land, lent money, and stored grain in case of famine
Kingdom of Vijayanagar: located in the northern part of S.India: two brothers from Delhi renounced Islam and created their own Hindu state

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25
Persia
Rise and expansion: Medes and Persians from central Asia came to Persia before 1000 BCE Cyrus the Achaemenid was the first ruler and had an empire from India to borders of Egypt His son, Cambyses conquered Egypt Darius was the biggest expansionist (Population = 35 million)
26
Persian Imperial Government
23 Satrapies - Persian governor appointed by central government power checked by military officials and "imperial spies" Local governors appointed from local population
27
Persian economy and society
Standardization of coins and laws | Royal road and post offices = communication
28
Persian Decline and fall
Persian wars | Alexander of Macedon invaded Persia and burned down the capital, Persopolis
29
Importance of Achaemenids
Cyrus the Achaemenid launched Persian imperial venture Cyrus's son (cambyses) = brought in Egypt Darius = greatest persian ruler (administrator > conqueror) The Satrapies = governors by Persian government to oversee certain regions Built roads to integrate Decline: difficulties between ruler and subject, Persian Wars (Ionian Greeks and Persians)
30
Importance of Seleucids
Achaemenid way of administration and taxation foreigners who faced resentment from native persians satraps revolted against Seleucid rule Roman conquerors ended the empire
31
Importance of Parthians
Iran to Mesopotamia retained customs of nomadic people from steppes of Central asia no centralized government = federation of leaders agriculture heavy hated the seleucids achaemenid forms of government (not as centralized though internal rebellion brought it down
32
Importance of Sasanids
Imperial rule continued again taken over by Islam in the end Persian legacy couldn't be diminished because of strong administration techinques
33
Greece
The Polis: Greek city state = lack of centralized state / empire Urban character and took on control of surrounding region Mostly were collective rule of local notables ruling as oligarchs Tyrant = how they got to power, not their policies
34
Athens VS. Sparta
Sparta = Helots (Servants of spartan state) very strict and ascetic lifestyle Distinction not by social status but by military talent Athens: democratic principal government, only free adult males had a place in the government. very prosperous because of maritime trade, by all money went to aristocratic land owners, solon became mediator between poor and rich, pericles was pro common classes and supported building programs, most sophisticated, women had very few rights
35
Alexander of Macedon
Son of Philip of Macedon brought all of Greece under his control Brilliant strategist and inspired leader inherited a powerful and developed army Control of persia in 330 BCE got to Punjab India but his army wouldnt go further He died an early death: everything could be different if he hadn't died so young, left no heir to the throne so it was split between his generals
36
Hellenistic empires
Alexander's empire divided into three large states Antigonid took Greece and macedon: Local poleis struck deals with antigonids and said they would recognize their rule for tax relief Lots of trade passed through = prosperous Ptolemy took Egypt: wealthiest, did not interfere with Egyptian life, had royal monopolies in profitable industries Seleucus took largest part (former Achaemenid empire): Greek influence reached its largest extent, lots of cities
37
Hellenistic economy
Trade:Olives, grapes, sheep, oil, wine, and wool | led to Mediterranean basin: organized for trade economy: shipowners, money, lenders, and merchants formed partnerships
38
Hellenistic society
Patriarchal women wore veils women could be priestesses Sparta allowed for women to participate in athletic events and even fight to protect poleis men = family heads slavery = debt slaves, slave markets at port cities, considered private property
39
Hellenistic culture
Drama: tragic: subtle reflections on complicated themes OR comic: ridiculing foibles of public figures
40
Hellenistic Philosophy
Socrates: "the unexamined life is not worth living," personal integrity > praises, condemned to death for corrupting Athens' youth Plato: forms or ideals, world we lived in is not a real world, just a reflection, wrote down in REPUBLIC Aristotle: reason, taught Alexander
41
Roman Origins
Remus and Romulus: raised by a she wolf Romulus found rome Scholars say that Indo Europeans settled on the peninsula. mostly sheepherders etruscans from Anatolia dominated the peninsula when they left, Rome was in a powerful position
42
Rome development of Republic
Founded in 8th century as a small city state ruled by a king Rome is on the TIber River In the late 6th centure BCE, aristocrats took over and got rid of king and created a Republic Republic = government where delegates represent their constituents interests Forum = civil and political center in a city constitution broke up power into two consuls (military and civil) patricians = wealthy aristocrats Plebians = poor people Plebians got upset that there was nobody representing them. 10 tribunes made: Officials that the Plebians could elect who could veto things they thought were unfair During a time of crisis, a "dictator" would be elected About how he got to power, not that he was a bad leader
43
Rome expansion
Gained control by military and were nice to the people they conquered. exempted from taxes governed their own internal affairs had to provide rome with soldiers Got italy under their control and eventually Carthage Punic Wars = fight to siege Carthage Finally won and burned down city, made people slaves
44
Problem 1 caused by expansion
Land distribution: land would go to the rich and make Latifundia (large plantations) and poor farmers would have to sell their land. --> Gracchi Brothers tried to redistribute land more equally which threatened the rich. Brothers were assassinated. Showed that the Constitution was not working.
45
Problem 2 caused by expansion
Reforms | 10 tribunes made
46
Problem 3 caused by expansion
End of Republic Maurius (pro land redistribution) and Sulla (Pro rich) got into a civil war Sulla seized Rome and became a brutal dictator and he made a list of all his enemies and required they be killed Poverty (especially to Rome) began to disintegrate empires
47
Julius Caesar
Marius' nephew who escaped Sulla's list due to his young age active in politics sponsored gladiator battles which made him popular seized Gaul from Rome (making him even more popular) Centralized military and govt redistributed land huge public works projects to give work to poor eventually was assassined which brought 13 ys of civil distraught
48
Octavian and his reforms
Octavian (Julius's nephew) beat Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium Senate gave him the title of "Augustus" ruled as a monarchy disguised as a republic: had military completely loyal to him, didn't alienate the wealthy, only put people loyal to him in government positions. set the foundations for Rome to be an empire Rome expanded to include SE Europe, N Africa, Egypt, and Parts of Asia (Anatolia)
49
Pax Romana
Time of peace | Helped promote trade
50
Roman Roads
Twelve Tables : civil law system
51
"Good emperors"
Constantine: edict of tolerance
52
Roman Decline (internal issues):
internal issues Barrack emperors: generals who seized power, held it briefly, and then lost it sheer size of empire: too big. Diocletian tried to solve this by dividing the empire into two: east (wealthy lands) a coemperor ruled each district The four coemperors started a power struggle (tetrarchs) Constantine claimed sole emperor and had new capital of constantinople built Edict of Milan: made christianity the religion
53
Roman Decline (external issues):
Germanic visigoths migrated and Rome kept them as buffer people Huns under Attila attacked Europe mid fifth century the German people were pressured by Huns and fled into Rome
54
Roman Fall
No single reason for the fall Germanic general Odovacer deposed the Roman emperor Imperial authority survived in the eastern half of the empire
55
Han and Roman empire similarities
BOTH: built roads, vigorous trade, imperial rule, patriarchal, expansion, decline by internal political problems.
56
Exchanges along the Silk Roads
extensive network of trade routes that linked Eurasia and N. Africa , China to Roman empire Spread of religions: Buddhism spread out of India by merchants who landed up in oasis towns (depended on foreign money so they could build monasteries) Most prominent religion of Silk Roads Spread to steppes and to china Epidemic diseases: small pox and measels Roman population decreased 25%
57
Post - Classical Byzantium
eastern half of Roman empire Unique features: lover of arts and culture made churches and building projects used mosaics Caesaropapsm: emperor ruled as secular lord and played role in religion (divine favor, complete authority in political, military, judicial, financial, and religious matters)
58
Byzantine court
Emperors dressed magnificently High officials presented themselves as slaves to emperors Law: Justinian Law (A codification of Roman Law that kept ancient Roman legal principals alive) Revival of the theme system
59
Byzantine economy
rural economy: strongest when supported by free class peasants theme system land available to those who performed military services long term: wealthy land owners built large estates
60
Byzantine industry
home to artisans and craftsmen linen and woolen textiles, glass ware, gems, jewelry, gold and silver, SILK became principal supplier of fashionable fabric to the mediterranean
61
TRADE
direct commercial links with central Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, N.Europe, lands of Black sea and Med, Islam gold coin as standard currency (bezant) control of trade: duties banks: often performed partnerships with merchants
62
Byzantine Urban Life
no rival cities aristocrats had palaces attractions: baths, games and entertainment, theater, chariot racing, religion
63
Byzantine Church
``` Orthodox Christianity Extremely close relationship with imperial government treated as department of the state iconoclasm: "breaking of the icons" emperor leo III found paintings many observed asceticism ``` monasteries formed around asceticism: Mt.Athos: 1 of the most famous monasteries tensions between East and West disagreed on iconoclasm: ritual, doctrinal, theological teaching differences Influence in E. Europe
64
Byzantine and Slavic People
entered into political, cultural, and commercial relations Byzantine sent missionaries to Balkan lands, developed Cyrillic alphabet for illiterate Slavs new language increased conversion to orthodox church
65
Byzantine and Russia
Prince of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity Cyrillic writings spread through Russia Byzantine art spread through Kiev and Russia formed Russian Orthodox Church to distinguish themselves took inspiration from Byzantine law code claimed to inherit mantle of Byzantine
66
Islam Expansion
reasons: simplicity of Islamic belief, exhaustion of Byzantine and Sasanid empires, Merchants helped spread Islam to S.E Asia Conquests began after Muhammad's death Byzantine, Syria, Palestine and most of Mesopotamia from Sasanids 640s Byzantine Egypt and North Africa 651 Sasanid empire toppled, Persia incorporated into empire 711 - 718 Conquered Hindu Kingdom of Sind (NW India), NW Africa, Strait of Gibraltar, most of Iberian Peninsula
67
Islamic Problems with Expansion
Problems with administration selection of caliphs Shia VS Sunni Dar al - Islam
68
Dar al-Islam
"House of Islam" - lands under Islam rule
69
Umayyad Dynasty
rulers as conquerors reflected interests of arab military aristocrats policy toward conquered people: allowed to practice own religion but with taxes (Jizya), converts and non-converts both did not have access to wealth or authority, early eighth century: caliphs began living too luxuriously --> people unsatisfied Umayyad Dynasty falls
70
Abbasid Dynasty
``` More cosmopolitan than umayyad centralized government and bureaucracy included non-Muslims in the government very tolerant focused on consolidation worked on infrastructure ```
71
economic impact on Dar al-Islam
Banks develop investments loans SAKK (similar to "flying cash")
72
Agricultural impact on Dar al-Islam
spread of food and industrial crops from different parts of Dar al-Islam sugarcane, rice, sorghum, and wheat fruits and vegetables industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna Increased food supply encouraged agricultural experimentation: resulted in agricultural manuals
73
Urban growth within the Dar al-Islam
increased agricultural production --> movement to cities new industry : paper manufacturing trade commercial cities allowed Muslim merchants to trade along revived silk roads Silk roads good for military movement and merchants and missionaries Naval technology: chinese compass, lateen sail, astroblade
74
Social impact on Dar al-Islam
women: patriarchal society quran enhanced security veiling of women cultural unity brought by cicil and criminal law in sharia ulama and quadis and missionaries helped bridge cultural differences formal education promoted Islamic values madrasas sufiis, missionaries allowed for flexibility in Islamic religion Ka'ba at Mecca : symbol of cultural unity Abassid caliphs enabled visitations to Mecca (Hajj) Built inns along roads pilgrims visited Mecca, learned and helped spread Islam

AP World History (7 decks)

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