Apetite Regulation

Question 1

Define apetite

Answer 1

Desire to eat food

Question 2

Define hunger

Answer 2

Need for eating

Question 3

Define anorexia

Answer 3

Lack of apetite

Question 4

Define satiety

Answer 4

Feeling of fullness - disappearance of appetite after a meal

Question 5

Define BMI

Answer 5

kg/height^2

Question 6

BMI for underweight

Answer 6

<18.5

Question 7

Normal BMI

Answer 7

18.5-24.9

Question 8

Overweight BMI

Answer 8

25.0-29.9

Question 9

BMI for obese

Answer 9

30.0-39.9

Question 10

BMI for morbidly obese

Answer 10

> 40

Question 11

What are the risks of obesity

Answer 11

1. Type II diabetes
2. Hypertension
3. CAD
4. Stroke
5. Osteoarthritis
6. Obstructive sleep apnoea
7. Carcinoma

Question 12

What type of fat deposition is a greater risk for obesity

Answer 12

Visceral fat than subcutaneous fat

Question 13

Where is the lowest proportion of working-age people who are obese in the UK

Answer 13

London

Question 14

What does weight regulation depend on

Answer 14

Environment

Genes

Question 15

What is a risk with high levels of cortisol if you have sleep deprivation

Answer 15

High risk of diabetes / obesity

Question 16

How does sleep deprivation effect Leptin levels

Answer 16

Decreases it (we get hungry)

Question 17

What three structures effect appetite regulation

Answer 17

1. Adipose tissues
2. Brain
3. GI Tract

Question 18

Why do we eat?

Answer 18

1. Physiological drive (leptin levels)

2. External stimuli (presence of food)

Question 19

What is the sensory stimuli to food

Answer 19

1. Expectations
2. Associations
3. Recognition of food

Question 20

How does is the quantity of food we eat limited

Answer 20

1. Stretch of the stomach causes receptors to be activated and Ghrelin levels fall

Question 21

What type of food prolongs satiety

Answer 21

Protein

Question 22

How does high fat effect satiety levels

Answer 22

Stimulates and entices people to eat more

Question 23

Where is the hunger centre located in the brain

Answer 23

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 24

What nucleus in the hypothalamus regulates satiety

Answer 24

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 25

What 3 Hormones effect appetite

Answer 25

Leptin Insulin Cortisol

Question 26

How does NPY and AgRP effect hunger

Answer 26

Increases it

Question 27

How does POMC effect appetite

Answer 27

Decreases it

Question 28

What stimulates the production of POMC and CART

Answer 28

Leptin as it binds to the arcuate nucleus

Question 29

What nucleus produces POMC

Answer 29

Arcuate nucleus

Question 30

Why does the arcuate nucleus have a fenestrated BBB

Answer 30

So that we can sample the peripheral hormones

Question 31

Where is leptin expressed

Answer 31

White fat

Question 32

What type of receptor is leptin

Answer 32

Cytokine

Question 33

Where is leptin receptor found

Answer 33

Hypothalamus

Question 34

What happens to leptin levels after a meal

Answer 34

They increase

Question 35

How does Leptin effect NYP and AgRP levels

Answer 35

Inhibits them

Question 36

How many AA are in peptide YY

Answer 36

36

Question 37

What molecule is peptide YY similar to

Answer 37

NPY

Question 38

What does Peptide YY bind to

Answer 38

NPY

Question 39

What secretes Peptide YY

Answer 39

Neuroendocrine cells in the Ileum, pancreas and colon

Question 40

Role of peptide YY

Answer 40

Inhibits gastric motility + reduces appetite

Question 41

Where are receptors for CCK found

Answer 41

Pyloric sphincter

Question 42

Role of CCk

Answer 42

Delays gastric emptying Gall bladder contraction Insulin release Controls satiety via vagus

Question 43

Number of AA in Ghrelin

Answer 43

28

Question 44

Where is Ghrelin expressed

Answer 44

Stomach

Question 45

Role of Ghrelin

Answer 45

Stimulates GH release And increases appetite

Question 46

How does gastric bypass surgery effect Ghrelin levels

Answer 46

It lowers

Question 47

What is POMC

Answer 47

A chain of different amino acids that can be cleaved into smaller molecules to control hunger

Question 48

What can POMC be broken down into

Answer 48

ACTH (which in turn can be broken down into alpha-MSH and CLIP) Beta LPH

Question 49

Role of melanocortin peptides

Answer 49

Signalling of satiety to the brain

Question 50

Symptoms of POMC deficiency

Answer 50

1. Severe obesity at early age due to low ACTH 2. Red hair 3. Pale skin that easily burns when exposed to the sun Not enough alpha-MSH and beta-MSH dysregulates body energy balance leading to over-eating

Question 51

Hat does Leptin and insulin stimulate

Answer 51

POMC/CART

Question 52

What does Leptin and insulin inhibit

Answer 52

NPY/AgRP

Question 53

How does POMC/CART effect alpha-MSH levels

Answer 53

Increases them

Question 54

Where is alpha-MSH produced

Answer 54

Pars intermedia of pituitary gland

Question 55

Role of alpha-MSH

Answer 55

Production of melanin Surpasses appetite Sexual arousal

Question 56

How common is monogenetic obesity

Answer 56

Rare

Question 57

Where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 57

Pituitary fossa just below the OPTIC CHIASM

Question 58

What lies between the pituitary glands

Answer 58

Two cavernous sinuses

Question 59

What is the anterior pituitary gland sometimes called

Answer 59

Adenophysis

Question 60

What is the posterior pituitary gland sometimes called

Answer 60

Neurohypophysis

Question 61

Blood supply from the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 61

Superior hypophyseal artery

Question 62

How many hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 62

6