Benign and malignant tumours: Tumour classification

Question 1

Define tumour

Answer 1

Any abnormal swelling (e.g. neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy and hyperplasia)

Question 2

Define neoplasm

Answer 2

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed:

Autonomous -> Abnormal -> PERSISTENT -> new growth

Question 3

What is a lesion

Answer 3

A localised abnormality

Question 4

Why should we study neoplasia

Answer 4

1. 25% of the population
2. All ages
3. Increased risk with age
4. Mortality rate high
5. 20% of all deaths (malignant neoplasia)

Question 5

What is the most common form of cancer in males

Answer 5

Prostate cancer

Question 6

What is the most common cancer that men die of

Answer 6

LUNG cancer

Question 7

Where do neoplastic cells derive from

Answer 7

Nucleated cells that are monoclonal

Question 8

What is the growth pattern of neoplastic cells

Answer 8

SImilar to parent cells

Question 9

What does the neoplastic cell produce

Answer 9

The same products as the parent cells

Question 10

What is the role of a neoplatic cell’s stromas

Answer 10

Connective tissue framework
Mechanical support
Nutrition

Question 11

Is every cell in a neoplastic tissue a neoplast

Answer 11

No

Question 12

How long can a tumour grow

Answer 12

2mm in diamterer

Question 13

Outline the stages of tumour development

Answer 13

1. Avascular tumour nodule forms
2. Tumour becomes vascularised
3. Vascularised tumour has central necrosis

Question 14

Why is the centre of a neoplastic tumour dead

Answer 14

Because it’s not vascularised

Question 15

What is needed for neoplastic tumour growth

Answer 15

Angiogenesis

Question 16

Define angiogenesis

Answer 16

Production of new blood vessels

Question 17

Why do we classify neoplasms (2)

Answer 17

1. Determine appropriate treatment

2. Provide prognostic information

Question 18

What are the two methods of neoplasm classification

Answer 18

Behavioural (benign/malignant/borderline)

Histogenetic (cell origin)

Question 19

Where are borderline neoplasms found

Answer 19

Ovary (they look benign, not malignant)

Question 20

5 characteristics of benign neoplasms

Answer 20

1. Localised, non-invasive
2. Slow growth rate
3. Low mitotic figures
4. Close resemblance to normal tissue
5. Circumscribed or encapsulated

Question 21

How common is necrosis and ulceration in benign neoplasms

Answer 21

rare

Question 22

Define adenoma

Answer 22

Benign tissue formed from glands in epithelium

Question 23

Why do we worry about benign neoplasms

Answer 23

1. Pressure on adjacent structures
2. Obstruct flow
3. Production of horses
4. Transformation to malignant neoplasm
5. Anxiety

Question 24

What are 5 characteristics of a malignant neoplasm

Answer 24

1. Invasive
2. Metastases
3. Rapid growth rate
4. Variable resemblance to normal tissue
5. Poorly defined or irregular border

Question 25

Why are malignant neoplasms poorly defined

Answer 25

Because the cells are all invading each other and the matrix

Question 26

How can we identify a malignant neoplasm under a slide

Answer 26

1. Common necrosis 2. Ulceration common 3. Growth on mucosal surfaces 4 Endophytic 5. Hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei

Question 27

Why do we worry about malignant neoplasms

Answer 27

1. Destroy tissue 2. Metastases 3. Blood loss from ulcers 4. Obstruction of flow 5. Hormone production 6. Anxiety and pain

Question 28

Define histogenesis

Answer 28

Specific cell of origin of a tumour

Question 29

Where do neoplasms in general arise from (3)

Answer 29

Epithelial cells Connective tissues Lymphoid/haemopoietic organs

Question 30

What is the nomenclature of a neoplasm

Answer 30

Has suffix - oma | Prefix is cased on behavioural classification and cell of origin

Question 31

What is a papilloma

Answer 31

Benign tumour of the epithelium that is non-glandular

Question 32

What is an adenoma

Answer 32

Benign tumour of the epithelium that is GLANDULAR

Question 33

What is a carcinoma of an epithelium

Answer 33

Malignant neoplastic tumour of epithelial cells ^all you need dos ay for the exam

Question 34

What is an adenocarcinoma

Answer 34

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells with glandular structures

Question 35

What is a lipoma

Answer 35

Adipocyte benign neoplasm

Question 36

What is a chondroma

Answer 36

Cartilage benign neoplasm

Question 37

What is an osteoma

Answer 37

Bone benign neoplasm

Question 38

What is an angioma

Answer 38

Vascular benign neoplasm

Question 39

What is rhabdomyoma

Answer 39

Benign striated muscle neoplasm

Question 40

What is a leiomyoma

Answer 40

Smooth muscle benign neoplasm

Question 41

What if I had a liposarcoma

Answer 41

This is a MALIGNANT adipose neoplasm

Question 42

What suffix is added to the name to indicate its malignant

Answer 42

SARCOMA (e.g. angiosarcoma)

Question 43

What is anapaestic

Answer 43

Cell type origin is unknown

Question 44

Is a granuloma a type of neoplasm

Answer 44

No

Question 45

Is mycetoma and tuberculoma a type of neoplasm

Answer 45

No

Question 46

What malignant tumours are an exception to the carcinoma and sarcoma nomenclature

Answer 46

1. Melanoma 2. Mesothelioma 3. Lymphoma 4. Embryonal tumours 5. Teratoma 6. Mixed tumours 7. Named after people tumours

Question 47

What are teratomas

Answer 47

Combination of the trilaminar disc layers

Question 48

What is a carcinosarcoma

Answer 48

Malignant epithelium AND