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Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update > Appetite and Weight Management > Flashcards

Appetite and Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. A greater proportion of men than women in England are classified as overweight.
b. A greater proportion of women than men in
England are classified as overweight.
c. The prevalence of obesity in England is equally high in men and women.
d. The prevalence of obesity is higher in middle-aged women than in middle-aged men.

A

a. A greater proportion of men than women in England are classified as overweight.

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2
Q 
Select the correct statement(s) about CCK
Select one or more:
a. promotes feelings of hunger
b. Is a hormone
c. is stimulated when protein is present
d. Is an enzyme
e. is stimulated when fat is present
f. promotes feelings of fullness
A

b. Is a hormone
c. is stimulated when protein is present
e. is stimulated when fat is present
f. promotes feelings of fullness

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3
Q

What is the function of gastrin?
Select one:
a. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the stomach
b. stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate-rich juices to neutralise acid in the small intestine
c. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the small intestine
d. stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate-rich juices to neutralise acid in the stomach

A

a. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the stomach

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4
Q

How and where do we store fat, protein and carbohydrate

A

 Carbohydrate - mainly stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver
 Fat - intramuscular triglycerides in muscle and adipose tissue
 Protein - we have no storage area of protein all protein in the body is functional

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5
Q

How would alpha amylase inhibitors work to combat the ever growing obesity problem?

A

 Alpha amylase is an enzyme which breaks down amylose

 Potentially would impede digestion of dietary starch and therefore they would not be available for absorption.

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6
Q

What is CCK? Describe the role and regulation.

A

 cholecystokinin is a hormone
 gets the gall bladder to release bile
 stimulated when fat is present
 promotes feelings of fullness

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7
Q

Alli is an over the counter weight loss pill that acts on lipases. How does it work?

A

 Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase
 Reduces the hydrolysis of fat
 Therefore decreased absorption so decreased caloric intake.
 It inhibits absorption by about 30%.

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8
Q

BMI formula?

A

BMI= weight/(height)^2

Units: weight in kg, height in m

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9
Q

Categories for normal, overweight, obese?

A
  • 18.5 = underweight
    18. 5-24.9 = normal
    25. 0-29.9 = overweight
    30. 0 + = obese
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10
Q

Significance of Leptin in obesity?

A

Leptin conc usually higher in obese people due to higher % body fat.

These people usually show leptin resistance- elevated levels fail to control hunger.

Therefore, leptin injections are not effective.

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11
Q 
Which type of diabetes is commonly triggered by obesity?
Select one:
a. type 1
b. type 2
c. gestational
d. All of the above
A

b. type 2

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12
Q

Which of the following are diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes?
Select one:
a. fasting blood glucose < 7mmol/L and blood glucose >6.4mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
b. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >6.4mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
c. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >11mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
d. fasting blood glucose > 6mmol/L and blood glucose >12mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose

A

c. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >11mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose

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13
Q

Which 3 hormones increase appetite?

A

Glucocorticoids
Ghrelin
Neuropeptide y

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14
Q

Ghrelin:

  • Released from?
  • Stimulates?
  • Effect?
A
  • Stomach and Duodenum
  • neuropeptide y
  • orexigenic (stimulates appetite)
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15
Q

Leptin

  • Released from?
  • Stimulates?
  • Effect?
A
  • White adipose tissue
  • MSH
  • Reduces hunger
  • Inhibits neuropeptide y
  • Defective in obese patients
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16
Q

CCK:

  • Released from?
  • Stimulates?
  • Effect?
A
  • small intestine
  • gall bladder to release bile
  • Increases satiety
17
Q

What does CCK decrease?

A

o Gastric emptying
o Feeding (central)
o Meal size (peripheral)
o Duration (peripheral)

18
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide:

  • Released from?
  • Effect?
A
  • small and large intestine + pancreas

- Acts on the hypothalamus to decrease food intake

19
Q

Peptide YY:

  • Released from?
  • Effect?
A
  • small and large intestine

- reduced food intake

20
Q

Glucagon-like-Peptide 1:

  • Released from?
  • Effect?
A
  • small intestine and colon

- promotes weight loss

21
Q

Oxyntomodulin:

  • Released from?
  • Effect?
A
  • small intestine and colon

- Co released with GLP-1

22
Q

Describe the effects of adiponectin

A

o Energy homeostasis
o Derived from adipose tissue
o As weight is lost, it increases
o Protective effect against insulin resistance

23
Q

Describe the effects of insulin as an appetite hormone

A

o Stimulates leptin release
o Suppress hunger
o Increases triglycerides stored in adipocytes
o May enter the brain and effect hypothalamus
 Stop eating

24
Q

Describe the effects of glucocorticoids

A 
o	Derived from adrenal glands
o	Deficiency = anorexia 
o	Excess = hyperphagia
	Eating a lot
	Likely to occur if hypothalamus issues
25
Q

How does HI exercise affect appetite

A

Lower appetite during and immediately post exercise

26
Q

How does HI exercise affect energy intake

A

No difference in intake was observed between steady state and HI exercise

27
Q

How does supramaximal exercise affect appetite

A

Increases appetite

28
Q

How does supramaximal exercise affect energy intake

A

No effect

29
Q

How does temperature affect energy intake

A

energy intake is greater after exercise in a cold environment

30
Q

How does ghrelin react to exercise in the cold

A

Acylated ghrelin was increased post-exercise

31
Q

How does the cold affect post-exercise energy intake?

A

Increases it in overweight men and women

32
Q

What affect does short exposure to normobaric hypoxic conditions, whilst exercising have on appetite

A

Suppresses appetite

33
Q

What affect does short exposure to normobaric hypoxic conditions, whilst exercising have on acylated ghrelin

A

Decreases them

34
Q

Give three other factors which affect appetite levels

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Body composition
  • PA levels
  • Environmental factors
  • Duration of exercise
  • Palatability of food
35
Q

Define Metabolisable energy

A

energy actually supplied to tissue by each food

36
Q

What % of BMR does the CV system account for

A

10%

37
Q

What % of BMR does protein turnover account for

A

25%

Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update (10 decks)

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