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Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update > Fats > Flashcards

Fats Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main products of ß-oxidation of fatty acids?

a. Acetyl CoA
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Acyl-CoA
d. NADH

A

a. Acetyl CoA

d. NADH

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2
Q 
Select all that are correct about de novo lipogenesis
Select one or more:
a. Creation of fat from carbohydrate
b. Creation of protein from fat
c. Creation of carbohydrate from fat
d. Acetyl co A is important
e. Acetyl co A is not important
A

a. Creation of fat from carbohydrate

d. Acetyl co A is important

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3
Q 
Monounsaturated fats have how many double bonds:
Select one:
a. 0
b. 1
c. >1
d. 2
A

1

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4
Q 
What percentage of the diet should be made up of fat in the general population?
Select one:
a. 5-20 %
b. 15-30 %
c. 35-50 %
d. 25-40 %
A

b. 15-30 %

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5
Q 
Which of these fat locations in the body carries the highest health risk?
Select one:
a. buttocks
b.  thighs
c. hips
d.  abdomen
A

d. abdomen

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6
Q 
A diacylglycerol contains
Select one:
a. One fatty acid and a glycerol
b. Two fatty acids and a glycerol 
c. Three fatty acids and a glycerol
d. None of these answers are correct
A

b. Two fatty acids and a glycerol

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7
Q 
After fatty acids have been released from fat cells, what is the name of the protein carrier that transports them in blood?
Select one:
a. Acetyl-CoA
b. Haemoglobin
c. Apoprotein A1
d. Albumin
A

d. Albumin

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8
Q

Intramuscular triacylglycerol
Select one:
a. is broken down by a muscle specific hormone sensitive lipase
b. is an important fuel during exercise
c. is increased in endurance trained athletes and in obesity
d. all answers are correct

A

d. all answers are correct

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9
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase is activated by a high concentration of:
Select one:
a. insulin, adrenaline and leptin
b. insulin, phosphofructokinase and adrenaline
c. phosphofructokinase, leptin and calcium ions
d. calcium ions, leptin and adrenaline

A

d. calcium ions, leptin and adrenaline

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10
Q 
How are long chain fatty acids transported through the body?
Select one:
a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Within a chylomicron
c. Secondary active transport
d. Simple diffusion
A

b. Within a chylomicron

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11
Q 
Transport of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane is dependent upon
Select one:
a. creatine
b. carnitine
c. Fatty acid binding protein (FABP)
d. creatinine
A

b. carnitine

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12
Q 
Which is involved in the transport of short chain fatty acids around the blood
Select one:
a. Chylomicron
b. LDL
c. Albumin
d. VLDL
A

c. Albumin

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13
Q 
Hormone sensitive lipase is a hormone which is present in an active and inactive form. Which enzyme turns the inactive form int the active form?
Select one:
a. protein dehydrogenase
b. Protein phosphatase
c. protein isomerase
d. protein kinase
A

d. protein kinase

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14
Q 
What is LPL
Select one:
a. Hormone sensitive lipase
b. Lipoprotein lipase
c. Low density lipoprotein
d. Lipoprotein lipolysis
A

b. Lipoprotein lipase

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15
Q 
Increased acetyl-coa will inhibit what?
Select one:
a. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
b. lipolysis
c. contraction
d. fatty acid oxidation
A

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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16
Q 
Increased glycogenolysis in exercise is likely due to:
Select one:
a. increased ADP
b. decreased ATP
c. Increased AMP 
d. decreased AMP
A

c. Increased AMP

17
Q

Inhibition of PFK will
Select one:
a. inhibit fat oxidation
b. inhibit fat oxidation and inhibit carbohydrate oxidation
c. inhibit carbohydrate oxidation and glycolysis
d. inhibit fat oxidation and glycolysis

A

c. inhibit carbohydrate oxidation and glycolysis

18
Q 
What effect will a reduction in FAD have on flux through beta oxidation?
Select one:
a. have no effect
b. increase it
c. reduce it
A

c. reduce it

19
Q 
Which of these are not required for the PDC reactions?
Select one:
a. ATP
b. NAD
c. FAD
d. CoA
A

a. ATP

20
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

 Saturated fatty acids have all single bonds between carbons
 Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double carbon bonds

21
Q

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of….

A

fatty acids only

22
Q

Which of the following compounds cannot be formed from fatty acids?

a. Ketones
b. Glucose
c. Acetyl CoA
d. Carbon dioxide

A

b. Glucose

23
Q

All of the following may serve as precursors for oxaloacetate synthesis except

a. fat.
b. starch.
c. glucose.
d. protein.

A

a. fat.

24
Q

How does the liver convert excess carbohydrate to fat (5 steps)?

A

1) Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate.
2) Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA via the link reaction.
3) Acetyl CoA moves into cytosol from mitochondria. It does not cross membranes, so must combine with oxaloacetate to give citrate. Once it has crossed the mitochondrial membrane, the citrate dissociates.
4) Acetyl CoA is converted to malonyl CoA. The enzyme for this step is acetyl CoA carboxylase. Malonyl CoA inhibits carnitine transferase, which prevents the FA entering the mitochondria for oxidation.
5) Malonyl is added to the growing chain. In each step, 3C are added and 1C is removed.

25
Q

Give two ways in which insulin increases fatty acid synthesis

A

Activates pyruvate dehydrogenase (for pyruvate-> acetyl CoA)

Activates acetyl CoA carboxylase (for acetyl CoA-> malonyl CoA)

26
Q

Outline the general structure of a lipoprotein.

A

Inner core= TAGs + cholesterol esters.

Outer shell= single layer of phospholipids + cholesterol + apoproteins.

27
Q

Why does the liver need cholesterol?

A

Liver needs cholesterol to synthesise bile acids and steroid hormones.

28
Q

How do statins lower blood cholesterol?

A

One type inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, therefore inhibiting synthesis of cholesterol.

29
Q

Why might a gall bladder be removed and what happens when a gall bladder is removed?

A

 Gallstones
 Inflammation of the gall bladder (usually due to the stones)

 up to 40% less dietary lipid
 Which is then lost in feces due to a reduced capacity to absorb fats. The bile is less concentrated coming straight from the liver
 Fat may not be broken down as effectively.

30
Q

Define FatMax

A

the exercise intensity at which maximal fat oxidation is observed

31
Q 
Which intensity of exercise is fat the predominant fuel?
A) Low 
B) Medium
C) High
D) Anaerobic
A

A) Low

32
Q

What does the relative contribution of the type of fat utilised switch from & too?

A

Triacylglycerol (Intramuscular) –> Plasma FA (adipose)

33
Q

Give three factors affecting fatmax

A

Training status
Gender
Type of exercise
Intensity

34
Q

What emulsifies lipids

A

Bile salts

35
Q

Fatty acid + monoglyceride = ?

A

Micelle

36
Q

Where do chylomicrons travel

A

Around the body in the bloodstream

37
Q

Define postprandial

A

After a meal

38
Q

Which vein are chylomicrons secreted into:

a. vagus
b. carotid
c. lymphatic
d. subclavian

A

d. subclavian

Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update (10 decks)

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