Immune System

Question 1

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 1

Innate & Adaptive

Question 2

Describe innate immunity

Answer 2

a. Anatomical and chemical barriers

b. Immune cells e.g. granulocytes, monocytes, NK

Question 3

Describe adaptive immunity

Answer 3

a. Specific to the foreign pathogen
b. Previous exposure elicits a rapid response
i. Cell Mediated- cytotoxic t cells
ii. Humoral- antibodies produced by b cells

Question 4

Role of…. Neutrophil

Answer 4

Phagocytosis

Question 5

Role of…. Lymphocytes

Answer 5

Direct cell attack or antibodies

Question 6

Role of…. Macrophages

Answer 6

Release histamine causing inflammation

Question 7

Why do you get an increased number of leukocytes in the blood, following exercise

Answer 7

There is an increase in vascular pressure which decreases the adherence of the cells on the vessel walls. They undergo demargination so fall off the vessel walls.

Question 8

Explain why the increased number of neutrophils in the blood doesn’t significantly improve immunity, following exercise.

Answer 8

The neutrophils exhibit less granulation, and so don’t work as well. This is due to a depletion of mature neutrophils, and an increased release of less effective naive cells.

Question 9

Which specific cells produce antibodies
A) Leukocytes
B) T cells
C) B Cells
D) A Cells

Answer 9

C) B Cells

Question 10

Which hormone temporarily reduces lymphocyte proliferation post-exercise?
A) Testosterone
B) Noradrenaline
C) Cortisol
D) Zymogen

Answer 10

C) Cortisol

Question 11

What effect does cortisol have on T Cells
A) Increases proliferation
B) Increases maturation
C) Decreases proliferation
D) No effect

Answer 11

C) Decreases proliferation

Question 12

Intense PA can suppress which type of adaptive immunity?
A) Specific 
B) Humoral
C) Innate
D) Cell-Mediated

Answer 12

D) Cell-Mediated

Question 13

Which interleukin is increased by PA

Answer 13

Il-6

Question 14

Why, despite an increase in the th2 pathway, is there an increase in URTIs after prolonged exercise

Answer 14

Th2 pathway is favoured over the Th1, and produces antibodies from B cells. However, URTIs are viral infections. Th1 pathway activates T cells which are needed for viral infections. If the Th1 pathway is suppressed, less viral combatting cells are produced, and the URTIs can’t be reduced as fast.

Question 15

Which immunoglobulin is suppressed by intensified training?

Answer 15

IgA

Question 16

Which vitamin(s) or mineral(s) can effect our immune systems:
A) Vitamin C
B) Iron
C) Zinc
D) All the above

Answer 16

D) All the above

Question 17

Give 3 effects vitamins and minerals can have on our immune system

Answer 17

Increased thymus weight
Increased lymphocyte number
Increased Il-2 and IF-gamma
Increased cell-mediated immunity
Increased Th2 pathway

Question 18

When vitamin D is taken in, what compound is produced and what is this converted to?

Answer 18

25(OH)D –> 1,25(OH)2D

Question 19

How can an increase in CHO aid immunity during exercise

Answer 19

CHO:
Prevents cortisol and adrenaline
Maintains blood glucose
Increases IFN-gamma from CD8 cells

Question 20

Which 2 of the following vitamins reduce cortisol levels associated with exercise? 
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K

Answer 20

A) V A

C) V E

Question 21

What flavonol reduces URTI symptoms, Il-6 and lymphocyte number?

Answer 21

Quercetin

Question 22

How does protein intake improve immunity?

Answer 22

It increases leukocyte number, CD8 number and granulocyte levels.
It may also disconnect the cortisol production pathway. It can also regulate efficient adhesion of lymphocytes in blood vessels

Question 23

Give 3 other nutritional supplements which may improve immune function

Answer 23

Herbals
Zinc
Glutamine
B-Glucan
Bovine Colostrum