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Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update > Energy Concepts > Flashcards

Energy Concepts Flashcards

1
Q 
The myokinase reaction generates ATP and AMP from ­­­\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and is activated when pH \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Select one:
a. GTP, increases
b. Pi, increases
c. ADP, increases
d. ADP, decreases
A

d. ADP, decreases

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2
Q 
One of the main functions of PCr breakdown is
Select one:
a. formation of free fatty acids
b. regulation of glycolysis
c. clearance of inosine monophosphate
d. maintenance of ATP concentrations
A

d. maintenance of ATP concentrations

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3
Q 
Myokinase catalyzes the reaction that
Select one:
a. converts ADP to AMP and ATP
b. converts ATP to ADP and AMP
c. converts IMP to fumarate
d. converts AMP to IMP
A

a. converts ADP to AMP and ATP

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4
Q

What Atwater factor is given to the kilocalorie value of 1 g of carbohydrate?

Select one:

a. 4 kcal
b. 9 kcal
c. 3 kcal
d. 6 kcal

A

a. 4 kcal

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5
Q

The energy charge of the cell:
Select one:
a. is regularly 0
b. is regularly 1
c. is controlled by ADP, ATP and AMP levels
d. is not an indicator of the cells ability to do work

A

b. is regularly 1

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6
Q 
Resting metabolic rate contributes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_% to total daily energy expenditure-
Select one:
a. 5-10%
b. 1-5%
c. 30-50%
d. 60-75%
A

d. 60-75%

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7
Q 
What is the atwater factor for 1g alcohol
Select one:
a. 5
b. 8
c. 4
d. 7
A

d. 7

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8
Q

Negative energy balance occurs when -
Select one:
a. Energy output exceeds the amount of energy bound in glycogen stores.
b. Energy input is greater than energy output
c. Thermic effect of food is excessive due to metabolic syndrome.
d. Energy output exceeds energy input

A

d. Energy output exceeds energy input

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9
Q

Obligatory thermogenesis refers to-
Select one:
a. Thermic effect of physical activity and subsequent recovery.
b. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its stimulating influence on metabolic rate.
c. Arousal metabolism.
d. Energy required to digest, absorb, and assimilate food nutrients.

A

b. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its stimulating influence on metabolic rate.

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10
Q 
What does LRNI stand for?
Select one:
a. Lower reference nutrient intake
b. Lower recommended nutrient intake
c. Legal roughage national index
d. Lean recommended nutrient intake
A

a. Lower reference nutrient intake

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11
Q 
On average, how many kcal are produced when 1 litre of oxygen is consumed?
Select one:
a. 10
b. 2
c. 4
d. 5
A

a. 10

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12
Q

How many KJ are there in 1 mol of ATP?

a. 24
b. 8
c. 32
s. 34

A

a. 24

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13
Q 
What is the gold standard measurement of energy expenditure?
Select one:
a. Indirect calorimetry
b. Heart rate monitoring
c. Bomb calorimetry
d. Doubly labelled water
A

d. Doubly labelled water

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14
Q 
If a person completely utilises a diet of 2500 kcal in 24 hours, how many Joules have they expended?
Select one:
a. 10465000
b. 2500000
c. 1040000
A

a. 10465000

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15
Q

The adenylate kinase reaction is most closely associated with:
Select one:
a. low exercise intensity, high muscle ph
b. high exercise intensities,low muscle ph
c. high exercise intensity, high muscle ph
d. low exercise intensity, low muscle ph

A

b. high exercise intensities,low muscle ph

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16
Q

Which is true:
Select one:
a. AMP is a powerful signal for metabolic control because there are big changes in levels in exercise
b. AMP is a poor regulator of metabolic control because there are big changes in levels in exercise.
c. AMP is a poor regulator of metabolic control as there are no changes in exercise
d. AMP is a powerful signal for metabolic control as there are no changes in exercise

A

a. AMP is a powerful signal for metabolic control because there are big changes in levels in exercise

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17
Q

Facultative thermogenesis refers to-
Select one:
a. Thermic effect of physical activity and subsequent recovery.
b. Energy required to digest, absorb, and assimilate food nutrients.
c. Arousal metabolism
d. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and
its stimulating influence on metabolic rate.

A

a. Thermic effect of physical activity and subsequent recovery.

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18
Q 
Select the statement that is NOT true about ATPases
Select one:
a. creates ADP
b. splits ATP
c. involves hydrolysis
d. creates ATP
A

d. creates ATP

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19
Q 
Select the correct statements with reference to anabolism:
Select one or more:
a. The same as catabolism
b. The opposite to catabolism
c. degrades molecules
d. An exergonic reaction
e. synthesises molecules
A

b. The opposite to catabolism
d. An exergonic reaction
e. synthesises molecules

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20
Q 
Myokinase reaction is important during what exercise?
Select one:
a. Low intensity
b. Moderate intensity
c. High intensity
A

c. High intensity

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21
Q

Select the correct statement
Select one:
a. Changes in ADP concentration are powerful signals for metabolic control
b. Changes in AMP concentration are powerful signals for metabolic control
c. Changes in ATP concentration are powerful signals for metabolic control
d. Changes in AMP concentration are poor signals for metabolic control

A

b. Changes in AMP concentration are powerful signals for metabolic control

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22
Q

AMP deaminase
Select one:
a. acts to increase AMP concentrations within a cell
b. converts IMP to AMP
c. acts to decrease the energy charge of the cell
d. removes the amine group from AMP

A

c. acts to decrease the energy charge of the cell

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23
Q

ATP homeostasis is achieved :
Select one:
a. through continual catabolism and anabolism
b. when ATP synthesis is greater than breakdown
c. when ATP breakdown is higher than ATP resynthesis
d. None of these answers

A

a. through continual catabolism and anabolism

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24
Q 
Which of the following is not a type of bond
Select one:
a. hydrogen
b. covalent
c. atom 
d. ionic
A

c. atom

25
Q 
Which of these is a monosaccharide
Select one:
a. Lactose
b. Maltose
c. Galactose
d. Sucrose
A

c. Galactose

26
Q

Beta oxidation occurs in the cystol in eukaryotic cells
Select one:
True
False

A

False

27
Q 
Which of these is not an energy currency?
Select one:
a. GTP
b. ATP
c. DTP 
d. UTP
A

c. DTP

28
Q 
Which of these is not an enzyme
Select one:
a. Lipase
b. Hexokinase
c. Leptin
d. Amylase
A

c. Leptin

29
Q 
TEE stands for
Select one:
a. Thermic effect of food
b. Total energy expenditure
c. Thermic effect of exercise
d. Thermic effect of energy intake
A

c. Thermic effect of exercise

30
Q 
A kilocalorie is a measure of the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of water:
Select one:
a. 3ºC
b. 4ºC
c. 1ºC 
d. 2ºC
A

c. 1ºC

31
Q 
What is doubly labelled water a good measure of?
Select one:
a. The water content of the body
b. Long periods of energy expenditure 
c. Energy intake
d. Breath by breath oxygen consumption
A

b. Long periods of energy expenditure

32
Q 
What type of measurement is the Douglas bag technique described as?
Select one:
a. A breath by breath system
b. Direct calorimetry
c. Doubly labelled technique
d. Indirect calorimetry
A

d. Indirect calorimetry

33
Q 
What is the estimated average requirement for energy intake per day in 19 – 49 year old females in the general population according to the COMA report (1991)?
Select one:
a. 2140 kcal
b. 2340 kcal
c. 1740 kcal
d. 1940 kcal
A

d. 1940 kcal

34
Q

The Frayn (1983) equation that calculates energy expenditure from the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced assumes what?
Select one:
a. Protein oxidation is negligible
b. The Atwater factor for carbohydrate is 9
c. The Atwater factor for protein is 6
d. Fat oxidation is greater than carbohydrate oxidation

A

a. Protein oxidation is negligible

35
Q

What is a kcal?
Select one:
a. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water, 1 degree centigrade
b. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 60 litres of water, 1 degree centigrade
c. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 10 degrees centigrade
d. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water, 1 degree centigrade

A

a. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water, 1 degree centigrade

36
Q 
The most potent regulator of ATP resynthesis from ADP is
Select one:
a. IMP concentration in the cell
b. ATP concentration in the cell
c. ADP concentration in the cell
d. AMP concentration in the cell
A

d. AMP concentration in the cell

37
Q 
The energy cost of running is approximately:
Select one:
a. 3 kcal/kgBM
b. 1 kcal/kgBM
c. 1  kJ/kgBM
d. 3  kJ/kgBM
A

b. 1 kcal/kgBM

38
Q 
Which of the following indicates a typical calorie cost of running a marathon for normal weight individual?
Select one:
a. 2500-3000 kcal  
b. 50 000 - 100 000 kcal
c. 500-1000 kcal
d. 2.5 - 3.0 kcal
A

a. 2500-3000 kcal

39
Q

How can you use measurement of inspired and expired gas to measure RMR.

A
  • Indirect calorimetry
  • relative contribution of CO2 and O2 in the breath
  • understand the amount of fat and carb being burned
  • Measure the amount of oxygen used over 24h and we will know the kcal.

Several equations exist to allow for the calculation

40
Q

What are the 4 ways to describe energy efficiency

A

 Gross efficiency (%) = (Work accomplished / energy expended) x 100
 Net efficiency (%) = (Work accomplished / energy expended- REE) x 100
 Work efficiency (%) = (Work accomplished / energy expended- EE in unloaded) x 100
 Delta efficiency (%) = (∆ work accomplished / ∆ EE) x 100

41
Q

Describe the difference between BMR and RMR

A

 BMR energy expenditure under basal post-absorptive conditions representing the energy needed to maintain life under these basal conditions measured after overnight rest
 RMR is energy expenditure under resting conditions measured after 20 ish min rest

42
Q

From your lab class on RMR list three external factors that were not controlled that would have increased RMR.

A 
	Travel to the lab 
	Food before lab 
	Fat free mass/ muscle mass 
	Exercise in the 24h prior 
	Caffeine intake 
	Temperature of the room – cold
43
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell and describe the immediate energy systems that can be used to generate it

A

 ATP mainly (some UTP or GTP)
 Have some stores of ATP
 PCR
 Adenylate kinase

44
Q

Describe a respiration chamber and how it works.

A

 Similar to the direct cal chamber but no coils, so no heat exchange and insulation are measured.
 Air flows into the chamber to prevent fall in oxygen levels.
 Measurement of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out are measured thus we can calculate oxygen uptake and CO2 production.
 Can be in here for several hours to days
 Food intake can be accurately measured
 Urine and feces can be collected and you can then measure energy and nitrogen balance

45
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Made up of adenine (base), ribose (sugar), and 3 phosphates.

Phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphate groups.

46
Q

What are the energy values (kcal/g) of the 4 macronutrients?

A

Fat = 9.2 kcal/g

Alcohol = 7.0 kcal/g

Protein = 5.4 kcal/g

Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g

47
Q

What are the 4 main functions of food

A
  • growth and development
  • energy, warmth and movement
  • Fighting infection
  • Metabolism regulation
48
Q 
Which one of these isn't the correct protein turnover value:
Muscle 5%
Liver 20%
Heart 5%
Blood Plasma 150%
A

Muscle 5% — should be 2%

49
Q

Essential nutrients are those synthesised by the body. True or false?

A

False

50
Q

What does RNI stand for

A

Reference nutrient intake

51
Q

What does EAR stand for?

A

Estimated average requirement

52
Q

What does an energy charge of 1 mean

A

when all adenylate pool is in form of ATP, i.e. has maximum free energy.

53
Q

What does an energy charge of 0 mean

A

when all ATP hydrolysed to AMP (nothing in the form of ATP or ADP) (only theoretically possible)

54
Q 
What is AMP converted into to prevent accumulation in the body?
A) ADP
B) ATP
C) GTP
D) IMP
A

D) IMP

55
Q

What is the name of the cycle which degrades adenine nucleotides during high intensity exercise

A

Purine nucleotide cycle

56
Q

Describe how a direct calorimetry chamber works

A
  • Small insulated chamber with adequate ventilation.
  • Water flows through coils – absorbs heat – metabolic rate.
  • Air is recirculated with CO2 and H20 filtered out
  • Specially trained individuals needed for operation
  • Not portable
57
Q

Describe how a respiratory chamber works

A
  • Similar to the direct calorimetry chamber but no coils.
  • Measurement of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out are monitored
  • Can be in here for several hours to days
  • Food intake can be accurately measured
  • Urine and faeces can be collected and you can then measure energy and nitrogen balance
  • Highly trained personnel needed
  • Expensive
  • Boring to have to stay in the chamber 24 / 7
58
Q

Give 3 measures of indirect calorimetry

A
  • Douglas bag
  • Breath by breath systems
  • HR
  • Doubly labelled water
  • Questionnaires
59
Q

Give 3 ways to measure energy intake

A
  • 24hr recall
  • 3 day food diary
  • 7 day food diary
  • food frequency questionnaire
  • diet history
  • biochemical markers

Nutrition & Metabolism Yr 1 2023 Update (10 decks)

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