Application of Molecular Techniques in the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Question 1

These are conditions or diseases associated with pathogens.

Answer 1

Infectious Disease

Question 2

These are microorganisms or microbes which has the capability to cause diseases.

Answer 2

Pathogens

Question 3

Give the four most commonly encountered microorganisms

Answer 3

Bacteria, Fungi, Virus, and Parasites.

Question 4

This also referred to molecular techniques

Answer 4

genotype assays or genotype testing or genotyping

Question 5

When we say we want to “identify it” we are referring to what?

Answer 5

genus and species

Question 6

Why do we need to identify the genus and species?

Answer 6

it will be the basis of the treatment

Question 7

HOW TO ISOLATE THE PATHOGEN?

Answer 7

through phenotyping analysis

Question 8

Phenotype focuses more on what?

Answer 8

physiological or physiologic properties of microorganism

Question 9

It is the most common example of microscopic assays or microscopic tests for identifying the presence of microorganisms

Answer 9

staining procedures

Question 10

When it comes to staining, we will only know the what?

Answer 10

presence or absence of the microorganisms

Question 11

it is done in the lab routinely to identify a specific name of the microorganisms

Answer 11

culture

Question 12

It means growing the microorganisms outside the body using artificial environment

Answer 12

culture

Question 13

when we culture a sample into the medium, after __ to__ hours majority of the microorganisms will grow

Answer 13

24 - 48 hrs

Question 14

It denotes the presence or growth of bacteria or pathogen

Answer 14

Colonies

Question 15

It is done to know the genus and species

Answer 15

follow up testing

Question 16

2 ways to detect the pathogens

Answer 16

Diagnosis using NAATS and SEQUENCING

Question 17

NAATS means?

Answer 17

Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

Question 18

main advantage of NAAC

Answer 18

can multiply a minute of small amount of samples

Question 19

common sequences targeted in BACTERIA?

Answer 19

16S rRNA and 23S rRNA

Question 20

common target sequence if it is FUNGI?

Answer 20

18S rRNA

Question 21

What is the importance of identifiers and sequences?

Answer 21

will be used as basis for designing primers

Question 22

Bartonellae species belongs to the?

Answer 22

Fastidious Microorganisms or Fastidious bacterium

Question 23

this bacterium is very selective in such a way that it requires a special environment

Answer 23

Fastidious

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE

Bartonellae species is also arthropod borne

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Arthropod borne are acquired via?

Answer 25

blood sucking insects

Question 26

Why do we need to perform molecular techniques for this type of genus? (Bartonellae Species)

Answer 26

it is fastidious meaning it is difficult to grow in the lab as it requires a lot of special requirements.

Question 27

It is the most commonly used method of diagnosis

Answer 27

Serology

Question 28

This is used to differentiate lots of species

Answer 28

Molecular Assays or Genotyping

Question 29

It used to screen presence of Bartonellae. It is also most commonly used assay

Answer 29

Real-time PCR techniques

Question 30

This infection acquired mainly by blood sucking insects --- specifically infected ticks

Answer 30

Borella Species

Question 31

What is the main arthropod responsible for the spread of infections associated with Borella?

Answer 31

Infected ticks

Question 32

One unique features of Borella species is that this genus is under the group of what?

Answer 32

Spirochetes

Question 33

It refers to bacteria that have spiral shape

Answer 33

Spirochetes

Question 34

When the physician observes this to patient, it is highly possible that the causative agent is associated with Borella species

Answer 34

Bull's eye

Question 35

This species may actually be seen when you perform blood smear preparation

Answer 35

Borella species

Question 36

This bacterium is an important cause of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) specifically in the United States (US)

Answer 36

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Question 37

it is considered as one of the best targets, specifically for the amplification technique

Answer 37

cryptic plasmid

Question 38

plasmid contains

Answer 38

introns or the intracellular sequences

Question 39

A microorganism that is difficult to grow using the classical method because it is an anaerobe.

Answer 39

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILEA

Question 40

For an anaerobic microorganism to grow, there should be no _______ in the environment

Answer 40

No OXYGEN

Question 41

This species is an important cause of nosocomial type of diarrhea

Answer 41

Clostridium difficilae

Question 42

best method to use to identify c. difficilae

Answer 42

Tissue Culture cytotoxin assay

Question 43

is a bacterium which is commonly missed out because it is not quick to be identified.

Answer 43

MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE

Question 44

It is the only bacteria that has no cell wall

Answer 44

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Question 45

Most commonly used and one of the best targets for identification in mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 45

P1

Question 46

This bacterium is transmitted mainly through arthropod-borne insects or blood-sucking insects

Answer 46

Rickettsia Species

Question 47

3 unique manifestations or symptoms seen in patients with Rickettsia

Answer 47

fever, rash, presence of eschar

Question 48

Rickettsia can be diagnose through

Answer 48

PCR-Based Technique

Question 49

It is one of the most common isolates in the laboratory

Answer 49

Staphylococcus aereus

Question 50

It is an invasive, life-threatening infection associated with S. aureus

Answer 50

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Question 51

It is mainly due to mutation of MecA and MecB gene of S. aureus

Answer 51

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Question 52

it is the causative agent of pneumoniae

Answer 52

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 53

best assay to use in laboratory targets in streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 53

Autolysin (lytA)

Question 54

It causes numerous types of infections with varying conditions

Answer 54

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Question 55

Other name for Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 55

Group A Streptococcus (GAS)

Question 56

other name for Streptococcus agalactiae

Answer 56

Group B Streptococcus

Question 57

it is clinically significant to neonates/newborn because it is a very important cause of a highly life-threatening condition

Answer 57

Streptococcus agalactiae

Question 58

the most common which is almost present in all medically important fungi is

Answer 58

internal transcribed spacer (ITS) – universal target gene.

Question 59

What family is HIV belongs to?

Answer 59

Retroviridae

Question 60

Genus of HIV?

Answer 60

Lentivirus

Question 61

among the 2 types of HIV, it is the majority causative agent of HIV infections

Answer 61

HIV 1

Question 62

In HIV, the main focus of molecular detection or the main target is

Answer 62

gag gene -----> p24 product

Question 63

It is the target for drugs or treatment for HIV

Answer 63

pol gene and env gene

Question 64

Most commonly used technique in testing HIV

Answer 64

western blot

Question 65

The confirmatory method fot HIV detection

Answer 65

western blot

Question 66

This group of virus contains lots of strains which causes different wide varying types of infection.

Answer 66

Human Papillomavirus

Question 66

This virus can cause cancer (malignant)

Answer 66

Human papillomavirus

Question 67

The most popular HPV that cause cancer.

Answer 67

HPV16/ HPV 18

Question 68

medically important genes that are being detected in Human Papillomavirus

Answer 68

E6 and E7

Question 69

An emerging technique in Microbiology used for identification of genus and species of microorganisms

Answer 69

MALDI-TOF MS